How to format your references using the Fine Focus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Fine Focus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Couzin I. 2007. Collective minds. Nature. 445:715.

A journal article with 2 authors

Friedrich MW, Finster KW. 2014. Geochemistry. How sulfur beats iron. Science. 344:974–75.

A journal article with 3 authors

Solomon BR, Hyder MN, Varanasi KK. 2014. Separating oil-water nanoemulsions using flux-enhanced hierarchical membranes. Sci. Rep. 4:5504.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Xu J, Qian J, Hu Y, Wang J, Zhou X, et al. 2014. Heterogeneity of Li-Fraumeni syndrome links to unequal gain-of-function effects of p53 mutations. Sci. Rep. 4:4223.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rezg N, Dellagi S, Khatab A. 2014. Joint Optimization of Maintenance and Production Policies. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

An edited book

Omatu S, De Paz Santana JF, González SR, Molina JM, Bernardos AM, Rodríguez JMC, eds. 2012. Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence: 9th International Conference, Vol. 151. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. XXII, 778 p p.

A chapter in an edited book

Wang G, Wang X, Liu X, Li Q. 2012. Diversity and Biogeochemical Function of Planktonic Fungi in the Ocean. In Biology of Marine Fungi, ed C Raghukumar, pp. 71–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Fine Focus.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2014. Amazonian Turtle Mothers “Talk” To Their Offspring. IFLScience. www.iflscience.com

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2014. Media Ownership: FCC Should Review the Effects of Broadcaster Agreements on Its Media Policy Goals. GAO-14-558, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Takayama M. 2010. The development of writing in Japanese and English of JHL speakers and the dynamics of bilingual learning. Doctoral dissertation thesis. California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg B. 2017. Company Town. New York Times, Sep. 7, p. C6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (2).
This sentence cites two references (2, 4).
This sentence cites four references (2, 4, 6, 8).

About the journal

Full journal title	Fine Focus
ISSN (print)	2381-0637
Scope