How to format your references using the FEMS Microbiology Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for FEMS Microbiology Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Morris M. Astronomy. Galactic prominences on the rise. Science 2006;314:70–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dziarmaga J, Zurek WH. Quench in the 1D Bose-Hubbard model: topological defects and excitations from the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition dynamics. Sci Rep 2014;4:5950.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cohen BA, Hewins RH, Yu Y. Evaporation in the young solar nebula as the origin of “just-right” melting of chondrules. Nature 2000;406:600–2.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Bridle SL, Lahav O, Ostriker JP et al. Astrophysics. Precision cosmology? Not just yet. Science 2003;299:1532–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mastro PF. Plastics Product Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.

An edited book

Seuret A, Özbay H, Bonnet C et al. eds. Low-Complexity Controllers for Time-Delay Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Singh L. Stories Gogo Never Told. In: Francis DA (ed.). Acting on HIV: Using Drama to Create Possibilities for Change. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2011, 43–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for FEMS Microbiology Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew E. Do Women Really Go For “Bad Boys’? Here’s The Science That Settles The Question. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Unmanned Aerial Systems: Efforts Made toward Integration into the National Airspace Continue, but Many Actions Still Required. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kalinec-Craig C. A case study of four Latina/o pre-service teachers in learning to teach mathematics for understanding and integrate a child’s out-of-school mathematical knowledge and experiences. 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg B. After 2008, Picking On the Little Guy. New York Times. May 18, 2017:C6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Morris 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Morris 2006; Dziarmaga and Zurek 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dziarmaga and Zurek 2014)
Three authors: (Cohen, Hewins and Yu 2000)
4 or more authors: (Bridle et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	FEMS Microbiology Ecology
Abbreviation	FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0168-6496
ISSN (online)	1574-6941
Scope	Ecology Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Microbiology