How to format your references using the Expert Systems With Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Expert Systems With Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5841), 1048.

A journal article with 2 authors

Freeman, B. C., & Yamamoto, K. R. (2002). Disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes by molecular chaperones. Science (New York, N.Y.), 296(5576), 2232–2235.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hellberg, M. E., Balch, D. P., & Roy, K. (2001). Climate-driven range expansion and morphological evolution in a marine gastropod. Science (New York, N.Y.), 292(5522), 1707–1710.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Buchanan, G. M., Beresford, A. E., Hebblewhite, M., Escobedo, F. J., De Klerk, H. M., Donald, P. F., Escribano, P., Koh, L. P., Martínez-López, J., Pettorelli, N., Skidmore, A. K., Szantoi, Z., Tabor, K., Wegmann, M., & Wich, S. (2018). Free satellite data key to conservation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 361(6398), 139–140.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hayward, A., & Weare, F. (2010). Steel Detailers’ Manual. Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Leung, F. K. S., Graf, K.-D., & Lopez-Real, F. J. (Eds.). (2006). Mathematics Education in Different Cultural Traditions-A Comparative Study of East Asia and the West: The 13th ICMI Study (Vol. 9). Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Paré, A. (2011). Speaking of Writing: Supervisory Feedback and the Dissertation. In L. McAlpine & C. Amundsen (Eds.), Doctoral Education: Research-Based Strategies for Doctoral Students, Supervisors and Administrators (pp. 59–74). Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Expert Systems With Applications.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, June 3). Here’s Why Your Cat Is Such A Picky Eater. IFLScience; IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1978). Improvement of Certain Management Areas (091301). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jategaonkar, S. P. (2009). Two essays on stock repurchases and insider trading [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Arizona.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney, K. (2005, October 23). QUICK BITE: Garwood; An Argument for a Pie Safe. New York Times, 14NJ19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ehrsson, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Ehrsson, 2007; Freeman & Yamamoto, 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Freeman & Yamamoto, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Buchanan et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Expert Systems With Applications
Abbreviation	Expert Syst. Appl.
ISSN (print)	0957-4174
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Science Applications General Engineering