How to format your references using the European Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smeeding TM (2014) Economics. Adjusting to the fertility bust. Science 346:163–164

A journal article with 2 authors

Kimura S, Yoshioka K (2014) Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone type-1 receptor accelerate myocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 4:5066

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang M, Atkinson KR, Baughman RH (2004) Multifunctional carbon nanotube yarns by downsizing an ancient technology. Science 306:1358–1361

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Lippert C, Listgarten J, Davidson RI, et al (2013) An exhaustive epistatic SNP association analysis on expanded Wellcome Trust data. Sci Rep 3:1099

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Casper D (2011) Hollywood Film 1963-1976. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Sachs J, Parsell M (2014) Peer Review of Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: International Perspectives. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Benjamas N, Uthayopas P (2009) An Impact of Scheduling Strategy to Parallel FI-Growth Data Mining Algorithm. In: Papasratorn B, Chutimaskul W, Porkaew K, Vanijja V (eds) Advances in Information Technology: Third International Conference, IAIT 2009, Bangkok, Thailand, December 1-5, 2009. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 39–47

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Radiology.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Spectacular New Images Of Pluto Released. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/pluto-terrain-complicated/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2004) Commercial Aviation: Despite Industry Turmoil, Low-Cost Airlines Are Growing and Profitable. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yelkenci S (2017) Algorithmic Music Composition Using Linear Algebra. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines GG (2016) In a First, Graphic Novelist Is National Envoy for Children’s Literature. New York Times C5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Radiology
Abbreviation	Eur. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0938-7994
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging