How to format your references using the European Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bar-Ziv R (2007) Materials science. DNA circuits get up to speed. Science 318:1078–1079

A journal article with 2 authors

Tomkins JL, Brown GS (2004) Population density drives the local evolution of a threshold dimorphism. Nature 431:1099–1103

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang J, Sheng L, Liu J (2014) Synthetically chemical-electrical mechanism for controlling large scale reversible deformation of liquid metal objects. Sci Rep 4:7116

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Huang CY, Kuchel H, Edwards J, et al (2013) A DNA-based method for studying root responses to drought in field-grown wheat genotypes. Sci Rep 3:3194

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Huddleston R (2010) Android® Fully Loaded. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Shetty Y (2006) Practical .NET for Financial Markets. Apress, Berkeley, CA

A chapter in an edited book

Zhang A, Zhou L, Wang L (2016) Cooperation Stimulation. In: Zhou L, Wang L (eds) Security-Aware Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 51–69

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Radiology.

Blog post

Hale T (2016) David Attenborough Signs Open Letter To End Experiments On Non-Human Primates. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/david-attenborough-signs-open-letter-to-end-experiments-on-nonhuman-primates/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1989) Schedule Delays and Cost Overruns Plague DOD Automated Information Systems. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Roan R (2017) Depth and Digital in Conversation: Practicing Marriage and Family Therapy Directly With Video Game Avatars. Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ruiz RR, Longman J (2016) Brazil’s Economic Woes Force Paralympic Cuts. New York Times D2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Radiology
Abbreviation	Eur. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0938-7994
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging