How to format your references using the European Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dubnau J (2012) Neuroscience. Ode to the mushroom bodies. Science 335:664–665

A journal article with 2 authors

Newman DK, Banfield JF (2002) Geomicrobiology: how molecular-scale interactions underpin biogeochemical systems. Science 296:1071–1077

A journal article with 3 authors

Yabuta NH, Sawatari A, Callaway EM (2001) Two functional channels from primary visual cortex to dorsal visual cortical areas. Science 292:297–300

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Ohtomo A, Muller DA, Grazul JL, Hwang HY (2002) Artificial charge-modulationin atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices. Nature 419:378–380

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sellars C (2011) Risk Assessment in People with Learning Disabilities. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Duedahl P (2016) A History of UNESCO: Global Actions and Impacts. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London

A chapter in an edited book

Shen G, Xie Z (2013) Wi-Fi RSS Based Indoor Positioning Using a Probabilistic Reduced Estimator. In: Yoshida T, Kou G, Skowron A, et al (eds) Active Media Technology: 9th International Conference, AMT 2013, Maebashi, Japan, October 29-31, 2013, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 46–55

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Radiology.

Blog post

Luntz S (2016) Wingless Wasp Was The Platypus Of The Cretaceous. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1977) The Impact of Federal Commodity Donations on the School Lunch Program. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Clark M (2011) How Charter School Teachers Act on Perceived Autonomy: A Qualitative Study of Curricular Decisions. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO (2014) Friday File. New York Times C31

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Radiology
Abbreviation	Eur. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0938-7994
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging