How to format your references using the Ethnic and Racial Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ethnic and Racial Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Xu, Zhiping. 2013. “Mechanics of Metal-Catecholate Complexes: The Roles of Coordination State and Metal Types.” Scientific Reports 3 (October): 2914.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rai, Arti K., and Robert Cook-Deegan. 2013. “Genetics. Moving beyond ‘Isolated’ Gene Patents.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 341 (6142): 137–138.

A journal article with 3 authors

Goldberg, Paul, Francesco Berna, and Richard I. Macphail. 2009. “Comment on ‘DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America.’” Science (New York, N.Y.) 325 (5937): 148; author reply 148.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Naumova, Ella A., Tudor Sandulescu, Clemens Bochnig, Philipp Al Khatib, Wing-Kee Lee, Stefan Zimmer, and Wolfgang H. Arnold. 2014. “Dynamic Changes in Saliva after Acute Mental Stress.” Scientific Reports 4 (May): 4884.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Raz, Danny, Arto Juhola, Joan Serrat-Fernandez, and Alex Galis. 2006. Fast and Efficient Context-Aware Services. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Benson, Tim. 2016. Principles of Health Interoperability: SNOMED CT, HL7 and FHIR. Edited by Grahame Grieve. 3rd ed. 2016. Health Information Technology Standards. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Scherzer, Otmar, Markus Grasmair, Harald Grossauer, Markus Haltmeier, and Frank Lenzen. 2009. “Convex Regularization Methods for Denoising.” In Variational Methods in Imaging, edited by Markus Grasmair, Harald Grossauer, Markus Haltmeier, and Frank Lenzen, 115–158. Applied Mathematical Sciences. New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ethnic and Racial Studies.

Blog post

Hamilton, Kristy. 2015. “Can Plants Get Cancer?” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/can-plants-get-cancer/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2008. Applying Agreed-Upon Procedures: Fiscal Year 2008 Airport and Airway Trust Fund Excise Taxes. GAO-09-90R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bottorff, Alicia Kaye. 2010. “Evaluating Summer School Programs and the Effect on Student Achievement: The Correlation between Stanford-10 Standardized Test Scores and Two Different Summer Programs.” Doctoral dissertation, St. Charles, MO: Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, Mary Williams. 2016. “Bills to Empower Puerto Rico to Shed Debt Face Likely G.O.P. Opposition.” New York Times, March 14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Xu 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Xu 2013; Rai and Cook-Deegan 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rai and Cook-Deegan 2013)
Three authors: (Goldberg, Berna, and Macphail 2009)
4 or more authors: (Naumova et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ethnic and Racial Studies
Abbreviation	Ethn. Racial Stud.
ISSN (print)	0141-9870
ISSN (online)	1466-4356
Scope	Sociology and Political Science Anthropology Cultural Studies