How to format your references using the EPJ Techniques and Instrumentation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for EPJ Techniques and Instrumentation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fenchel T (2002) Microbial behavior in a heterogeneous world. Science 296:1068–1071

A journal article with 2 authors

Kleinman CL, Majewski J (2012) Comment on “Widespread RNA and DNA sequence differences in the human transcriptome.” Science 335:1302; author reply 1302

A journal article with 3 authors

Li J, An J, Ting CS (2013) Interaction-induced localization of mobile impurities in ultracold systems. Sci Rep 3:3147

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Behrenfeld MJ, O’Malley RT, Siegel DA, et al (2006) Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444:752–755

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Matte GS (2015) Perfusion for Congenital Heart Surgery. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Satchell S (2016) Derivatives and Hedge Funds. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London

A chapter in an edited book

Manzo C, Marrucci L, Manzo P (2008) Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Dichroism in Absorbing Liquids. In: Torre R (ed) Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Complex Liquids: An Experimental Perspective. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 217–245

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for EPJ Techniques and Instrumentation.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) Four Eyed Harvestman Fossil Helps Shed Light On Arachnid Evolution. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/four-eyed-harvestman-fossil-helps-shed-light-arachnid-evolution/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) Transportation: Status of GAO’s Open Recommendations on Transportation Policies and Programs. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Masuyama G (2010) The Bird Is A Word. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kirk S (1942) Pin Hoarders Active. New York Times BOOKS22

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	EPJ Techniques and Instrumentation
Abbreviation	EPJ Tech. Instrum.
ISSN (online)	2195-7045
Scope