How to format your references using the Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Snow A. Genetic engineering: unnatural selection. Nature. 2003;424(6949):619.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zeller D, Booth S. Costs and benefits of regulating mercury. Science. 2005;310(5749):777-779; author reply 777-9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ho BT, Basler M, Mekalanos JJ. Type 6 secretion system-mediated immunity to type 4 secretion system-mediated gene transfer. Science. 2013;342(6155):250-253.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Alvarez SE, Harikumar KB, Hait NC, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a missing cofactor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2. Nature. 2010;465(7301):1084-1088.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhang W, Wan M. Milling Simulation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Becher T. Introduction to Soft-Collinear Effective Theory. Vol 896. (Broggio A, Ferroglia A, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Markovski J. Towards Supervisory Control of Generally-Distributed Discrete-Event Systems. In: Balsamo MS, Knottenbelt WJ, Marin A, eds. Computer Performance Engineering: 10th European Workshop, EPEW 2013, Venice, Italy, September 16-17, 2013. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2013:43-57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Epidemiology.

Blog post

Fang J. Mystery Illness That “Melts” Starfish Identified. IFLScience. November 17, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/virus-suspected-gruesome-sea-star-die-offs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Attack Warning: NORAD’s Communications System Segment Replacement Program Should Be Reassessed. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jiang W. Advanced Techniques for Semantic Concept Detection in General Videos. Doctoral dissertation. Columbia University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L. Sorting Out Their Goals, and Options. New York Times. April 12, 2009:WE6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Epidemiology
ISSN (print)	1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
Scope	Epidemiology