How to format your references using the Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chalker DL. Epigenetics: Keeping one’s sex. Nature. 2014;509(7501):430-431.

A journal article with 2 authors

Conway G, Toenniessen G. Agriculture. Science for African food security. Science. 2003;299(5610):1187-1188.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science. 2004;304(5667):108-110.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Parks JJ, Champagne AR, Costi TA, et al. Mechanical control of spin states in spin-1 molecules and the underscreened Kondo effect. Science. 2010;328(5984):1370-1373.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Glisic S. Advanced Wireless Networks. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Burkhardt CE. Foundations of Quantum Physics. (Leventhal JJ, ed.). Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Mal S, Singh RB. Land Use and Cover Change. In: Singh RB, Hietala R, eds. Livelihood Security in Northwestern Himalaya: Case Studies from Changing Socio-Economic Environments in Himachal Pradesh, India. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer Japan; 2014:41-51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Epidemiology.

Blog post

Andrews R. Why Is The Giant’s Causeway Hexagonal? IFLScience. October 15, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/why-columnar-basalt-almost-always-hexagonal/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Intercity Passenger Rail: Recording Clearer Reasons for Awards Decisions Would Improve Otherwise Good Grantmaking Practices. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rudoy SI. Developing a Model for Understanding Mindfulness as a Potential Intervention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Whiteside K. Racing to Break Through Barriers. New York Times. September 1, 2016:SP1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Epidemiology
ISSN (print)	1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
Scope	Epidemiology