How to format your references using the Energy Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik, P.: The joy of the lab. Nature. 431, 227 (2004)

A journal article with 2 authors

Divakaruni, A.S., Murphy, A.N.: Cell biology. A mitochondrial mystery, solved. Science. 337, 41–43 (2012)

A journal article with 3 authors

McKinnon, L., Nol, E., Juillet, C.: Arctic-nesting birds find physiological relief in the face of trophic constraints. Sci. Rep. 3, 1816 (2013)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Nam, K.T., Kim, D.-W., Yoo, P.J., Chiang, C.-Y., Meethong, N., Hammond, P.T., Chiang, Y.-M., Belcher, A.M.: Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes. Science. 312, 885–888 (2006)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ho, R.J.Y., Gibaldi, M.: Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2003)

An edited book

Norer, R. ed: Genetic Technology and Food Safety. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)

A chapter in an edited book

Joro, T., Korhonen, P.J.: Comparison of Data Envelopment Analysis and Multiple Objective Linear Programming. In: Korhonen, P.J. (ed.) Extension of Data Envelopment Analysis with Preference Information: Value Efficiency. pp. 55–64. Springer US, Boston, MA (2015)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Systems.

Blog post

Fang, J.: Infected Chimps May Carry Genes That Lessen the Impact of an HIV-Like Virus, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/infected-chimps-may-carry-genes-lessen-impact-hiv-virus/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Aviation Security: TSA Has Taken Steps to Improve Oversight of Key Programs, but Additional Actions Are Needed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (2015)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mathes, M.D.: Exploring Factors That Enabled Financial Advisors and Their Firms to Improve Professional Performance After 2008, (2014)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, C.: Fervently French, Pétanque Draws All Ages, (2007)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Systems
Abbreviation	Energy Syst.
ISSN (print)	1868-3967
ISSN (online)	1868-3975
Scope	Economics and Econometrics General Energy Modelling and Simulation