How to format your references using the Energy Conversion and Management: X citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Conversion and Management: X. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Nadeem M. Unconditionally secure commitment in position-based quantum cryptography. Sci Rep 2014;4:6774.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Hirose T, Horvitz HR. An Sp1 transcription factor coordinates caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways. Nature 2013;500:354–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Clem RL, Celikel T, Barth AL. Ongoing in vivo experience triggers synaptic metaplasticity in the neocortex. Science 2008;319:101–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Beaugrand G, Brander KM, Alistair Lindley J, Souissi S, Reid PC. Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature 2003;426:661–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Mitra A. Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

[1]

Dabrowski M, Rostowski J, editors. The Eastern Enlargement of the Eurozone. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Charnay C, Lachiche N, Braud A. Construction of Complex Aggregates with Random Restart Hill-Climbing. In: Davis J, Ramon J, editors. Inductive Logic Programming: 24th International Conference, ILP 2014, Nancy, France, September 14-16, 2014, Revised Selected Papers, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015, p. 49–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Conversion and Management: X.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Shift Work Causes Breast Cancer In Mice, According To A New Study – So What Does This Mean For Humans? IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. FAA’s Proposed Plan for Implementing a Reliability Centered Maintenance Process for Air Traffic Control Equipment. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ruby CA. Application of Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to Remotely Operated Vehicle (Rov) Video Data for Enhanced Geospatial Analysis of Deep Sea Environments. Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Baker L. In Tacoma, A Residential Rebirth. New York Times 2007:BU15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Conversion and Management: X
ISSN (print)	2590-1745
Scope

Research and Writing Guides