How to format your references using the Energy Conversion and Management: X citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Conversion and Management: X. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Speirs V. Perspective: Not just for women. Nature 2012;485:S66.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Matouschek A, Finley D. Cell biology. An ancient portal to proteolysis. Science 2012;337:813–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Lissauer JJ, Dawson RI, Tremaine S. Advances in exoplanet science from Kepler. Nature 2014;513:336–44.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Karl DM, Laws EA, Morris P, Williams PJL, Emerson S. Global carbon cycle: metabolic balance of the open sea. Nature 2003;426:32.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Paoluzzi A, Pascucci V, Vicentino M, Baldazzi C, Portuesi S. Geometric Programming for Computer-Aided Design. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Prentiss A, Kuijt I, Chatters JC, editors. Macroevolution in Human Prehistory: Evolutionary Theory and Processual Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Lattimer B, Campbell T. Fire Modelling of Composites. In: Gibson AG, editor. Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2006, p. 103–32.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Conversion and Management: X.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Watch Two Of Australia’s Most Infamous Snakes Go Head-To-Head In A Battle To The Death. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/watch-two-of-australias-most-infamous-snakes-go-headtohead/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. NASA’s Earth Observing System: Estimated Funding Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Kress DM. A phenomenological study exploring executive coaching: Understanding perceptions of self-awareness and leadership behavior changes. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Meyerowitz R, Kelly S. Box Seats; THE BIRDS OF SUMMER. New York Times 2007:810.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Conversion and Management: X
ISSN (print)	2590-1745
Scope