How to format your references using the Energy Conversion and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Conversion and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Schadt EE. Molecular networks as sensors and drivers of common human diseases. Nature 2009;461:218–23.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Jacoby CA, Frazer TK. Eutrophication: time to adjust expectations. Science 2009;324:723–4; author reply 724-5.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Cai Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y-W. Layer-dependent band alignment and work function of few-layer phosphorene. Sci Rep 2014;4:6677.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Zhang Q, Xu Y-S, Huang L, Xue W, Sun G-Q, Zhang M-X, et al. Does mechanical disturbance affect the performance and species composition of submerged macrophyte communities? Sci Rep 2014;4:4888.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Drago C. Implant Restorations. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Kunze H. Fractal-Based Methods in Analysis. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kanemaru S-I. An Approach in Regenerative Medicine for the Treatment of Intractable Otitis Media. In: Ito J, editor. Regenerative Medicine in Otolaryngology, Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2015, p. 61–73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Conversion and Management.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D. Lost In Translation: Five Common English Phrases You May Be Using Incorrectly. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Improper Use of Federal Student Aid Funds for Lobbying Activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ackerman GL. Information technology in the K–12 classroom: Curriculum and instruction reflecting emerging capacity and paradigms. Doctoral dissertation. Northcentral University, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Vecsey G. A Football Program Ends. A Romance Doesn’t. New York Times 2009:SP8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Conversion and Management
Abbreviation	Energy Convers. Manag.
ISSN (print)	0196-8904
Scope	Energy Engineering and Power Technology Fuel Technology Nuclear Energy and Engineering Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment