How to format your references using the Empirica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Empirica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Venema L (2005) Schrödinger’s mousetrap. Part 3. Nature 433:463

A journal article with 2 authors

Wan Z, Zhang G (2014) Controlled synthesis and visible light photocatalytic activity of Bi12GeO20 uniform microcrystals. Sci Rep 4:6298

A journal article with 3 authors

Bryant P, Nunes T, Snaith R (2000) Children learn an untaught rule of spelling. Nature 403:157–158

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Boddey JA, Hodder AN, Günther S, et al (2010) An aspartyl protease directs malaria effector proteins to the host cell. Nature 463:627–631

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chiang H-D (2010) Direct Methods for Stability Analysis of Electric Power Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Erol A (ed) (2008) Dilute III-V Nitride Semiconductors and Material Systems: Physics and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Garibo-Peyró A-P (2012) Somalia: From the Errors of Colonialism to the Horrors of War. In: Ballesteros J, Fernández Ruiz-Gálvez E, Talavera P (eds) Globalization and Human Rights: Challenges and Answers from a European Perspective. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 113–140

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Empirica.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) Sun’s Coronal Loops Recreated In The Lab. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/suns-coronal-loops-recreated-in-the-lab/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) Geographic Information Systems: Information on Federal Use and Coordination. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

CampBell PK (2012) Lenses of indigenous feminism: Digging up the roots of Western patriarchy in “Perma Red” and “Monkey Beach.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L (2007) Inquiry Into Gosman’s, Up for Sale, Continues. New York Times 14LI2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Venema 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Venema 2005; Wan and Zhang 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Wan and Zhang 2014)
Three or more authors: (Boddey et al. 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	Empirica
Abbreviation	Empirica
ISSN (print)	0340-8744
ISSN (online)	1573-6911
Scope	Development Geography, Planning and Development