How to format your references using the Emerging Infectious Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Emerging Infectious Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Palmer T. Modelling: Build imprecise supercomputers. Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):32–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lubin D, Vogelmann AM. A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic. Nature. 2006 Jan 26;439(7075):453–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

Thorsen T, Maerkl SJ, Quake SR. Microfluidic large-scale integration. Science. 2002 Oct 18;298(5593):580–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Girling RD, Lusebrink I, Farthing E, Newman TA, Poppy GM. Diesel exhaust rapidly degrades floral odours used by honeybees. Sci Rep. 2013 Oct 3;3:2779.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cousley RRJ. The Orthodontic Mini-Implant Clinical Handbook. Chichester, West Sussex UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

Canadell JG, Pataki DE, Pitelka LF, editors. Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. XXIV, 336 p. 104 illus., 26 illus. in color. (Global Change — The IGBP Series).

A chapter in an edited book

Lu J, Xu T, Xue Q, Beake BD. Nanoindentation, Nanoscratch and Nanoimpact Testing of Silicon-Based Materials with Nanostructured Surfaces. In: Bradt RC, Munz D, Sakai M, White KW, editors. Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Active Materials, Nanoscale Materials, Composites, Glass and Fundamentals. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005. p. 43–56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Blog post

Fang J. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Male Snakes Invest Lots of Energy in Producing Mating Plugs. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/male-snakes-invest-lots-energy-producing-mating-plugs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Safety: Federal and State Efforts Related to Accidents That Involve Non-Commercial Vehicles Carrying Unsecured Loads. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012 Nov. Report No.: GAO-13-24.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Randolph JL. A Mixed-Methods Investigation of FMS Shoulder Mobility and Reported Upper Body Injury in Collegiate Football Athletes at a Division II Midwestern University [Doctoral dissertation]. [ St. Charles, MO]: Lindenwood University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kimmelman M. Brexit Clouds New Subway’s Promise. New York Times. 2017 Jul 31;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Emerging Infectious Diseases
Abbreviation	Emerg. Infect. Dis.
ISSN (print)	1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
Scope	Epidemiology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)