How to format your references using the Ecological Monographs citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Monographs. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Evans, R. 2012. Wylie Walker Vale Jr (1941-2012). Nature 483:542.

A journal article with 2 authors

Behar, S. M., and C. M. Sassetti. 2014. Immunology: Fixing the odds against tuberculosis. Nature 511:39–40.

A journal article with 3 authors

Adini, Y., D. Sagi, and M. Tsodyks. 2002. Context-enabled learning in the human visual system. Nature 415:790–793.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Sharpe, J., U. Ahlgren, P. Perry, B. Hill, A. Ross, J. Hecksher-Sørensen, R. Baldock, and D. Davidson. 2002. Optical projection tomography as a tool for 3D microscopy and gene expression studies. Science (New York, N.Y.) 296:541–545.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vogel, W., and H. Kalb. 2010. Large-Scale Solar Thermal Power. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Vinod, B., R. Voyles, P. Vadakkepat, M. Sundaram, K. S. Sujatha, and J. J. Brislin, editors. 2016. Advancements in Automation, Robotics and Sensing: First International Conference, ICAARS 2016, Coimbatore, India, June 23 - 24, 2016, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, Singapore.

A chapter in an edited book

Clavier, H., and S. P. Nolan. 2010. Building Indenylidene–Ruthenium Catalysts for Metathesis Transformations. Pages 39–47 in V. Dragutan, A. Demonceau, I. Dragutan, and E. S. Finkelshtein, editors. Green Metathesis Chemistry. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Monographs.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2015, August 27. Ethiopia Now Has A Space Program. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/ethiopia-now-has-space-program/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1992. Aviation Research: FAA Could Enhance Its Program to Meet Current and Future Challenges. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lopez, C. 2015. A community-based outreach program for Latinos in Los Angeles County supporting mental health awareness and treatment: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Cooper, M. 2017, May 5. Triumph and Tragedy by the Numbers. New York Times:AR22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Evans 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Evans 2012, Behar and Sassetti 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Behar and Sassetti 2014)
Three or more authors: (Sharpe et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Monographs
Abbreviation	Ecol. Monogr.
ISSN (print)	0012-9615
ISSN (online)	1557-7015
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics