How to format your references using the Ecological Monographs citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Monographs. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ahlberg, P. E. 2004. Comment on “The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 305:1715; author reply 1715.

A journal article with 2 authors

Liu, L., and S. V. Edwards. 2015. Comment on “Statistical binning enables an accurate coalescent-based estimation of the avian tree.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 350:171.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ridgwell, A. J., M. J. Kennedy, and K. Caldeira. 2003. Carbonate deposition, climate stability, and Neoproterozoic ice ages. Science (New York, N.Y.) 302:859–862.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Knoll, A. H., M. R. Walter, G. M. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick. 2004. Geology. A new period for the geologic time scale. Science (New York, N.Y.) 305:621–622.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

King, J. A., and S. Timacheff. 2008. Digital Photography for Dummies®. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Salzborn, S., E. Davidov, and J. Reinecke, editors. 2012. Methods, Theories, and Empirical Applications in the Social Sciences. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden.

A chapter in an edited book

Dunbar, P., M. Eblé, G. Mungov, H. McCullough, and E. Harris. 2014. NOAA’s Historical Tsunami Event Database, Raw and Processed Water Level Data, and Model Output Relevant to the 11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Pages 113–127 in Y. A. Kontar, V. Santiago-Fandiño, and T. Takahashi, editors. Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Monographs.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2013, September 4. A Lion and Tiger and Bear; Oh My! IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2003. Information Technology Training: Practices of Leading Private-Sector Companies. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mosing, P. R. 2009. Maternal perceptions of their infants: Do perceptions predict maternal motivation to nurture? Doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Turkewitz, J. 2016, August 11. Mayor’s Arrest and Link to the Death of a Boy Have Divided a California City. New York Times:A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ahlberg 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Ahlberg 2004, Liu and Edwards 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Liu and Edwards 2015)
Three or more authors: (Knoll et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Monographs
Abbreviation	Ecol. Monogr.
ISSN (print)	0012-9615
ISSN (online)	1557-7015
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics