How to format your references using the Ecological Indicators citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Indicators. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kellermann, K.I., 2003. Obituary: Grote Reber (1911-2002). Nature 421, 596.

A journal article with 2 authors

Forterre, Y., Dumais, J., 2011. Materials science. Generating helices in nature. Science 333, 1715–1716.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chien, K.R., Domian, I.J., Parker, K.K., 2008. Cardiogenesis and the complex biology of regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Science 322, 1494–1497.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kim, J.Y., Lee, K., Coates, N.E., Moses, D., Nguyen, T.-Q., Dante, M., Heeger, A.J., 2007. Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing. Science 317, 222–225.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Parashar, R.K., 2008. Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., West Sussex, United Kingdom.

An edited book

Wang, L.K., Yang, C.T. (Eds.), 2014. Modern Water Resources Engineering, Handbook of Environmental Engineering. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

A chapter in an edited book

McGettigan, T., Smith, E., 2016. Scientific Racism, in: Smith, E. (Ed.), A Formula for Eradicating Racism: Debunking White Supremacy. Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, NY, pp. 35–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Indicators.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2014. Your Baby and Your Dog Light Up Similar Parts of the Brain [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/brain/your-baby-and-your-dog-light-similar-parts-brain/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2001. Social Security: Observations on Improving Distribution of Death Information (No. GAO-02-233T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bryant, J.D., 2014. The Investigation of Self-Determination in Students Participating in Higher Education with an Invisible Disability (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K., 2002. A Bar (Yes, a Bar) Helps Revive a Neighborhood. New York Times 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kellermann, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Forterre and Dumais, 2011; Kellermann, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Forterre and Dumais, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Kim et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Indicators
Abbreviation	Ecol. Indic.
ISSN (print)	1470-160X
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics General Decision Sciences Ecology