How to format your references using the Ecological Indicators citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Indicators. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nath, I., 2008. Obituary: Christopher Curtis (1939-2008). Nature 453, 1002.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dalton, W.S., Friend, S.H., 2006. Cancer biomarkers--an invitation to the table. Science 312, 1165–1168.

A journal article with 3 authors

Losos, J.B., Schoener, T.W., Spiller, D.A., 2004. Predator-induced behaviour shifts and natural selection in field-experimental lizard populations. Nature 432, 505–508.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Méndez-Ferrer, S., Lucas, D., Battista, M., Frenette, P.S., 2008. Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations. Nature 452, 442–447.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Jones, P., Burger, J., 2009. Configuring SAP® ERP Financials and Controlling. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA.

An edited book

Bokalič, M., 2015. Spatially Resolved Characterization in Thin-Film Photovoltaics, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Demazeux, S., 2015. The Function Debate and the Concept of Mental Disorder, in: Huneman, P., Lambert, G., Silberstein, M. (Eds.), Classification, Disease and Evidence: New Essays in the Philosophy of Medicine, History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 63–91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Indicators.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. NASA observations put on hold while the moon photobombs the sun [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-observations-put-hold-while-moon-photobombs-sun/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1997. Department of Education: Challenges in Promoting Access and Excellence in Education (No. T-HEHS-97-99). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Robinson, D.E., 2010. How personality traits and job satisfaction influence service quality in housing agencies (Doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pfaff, J., 2017. The Justices Need Fact-Checkers. New York Times A27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Nath, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Dalton and Friend, 2006; Nath, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dalton and Friend, 2006)
Three or more authors: (Méndez-Ferrer et al., 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Indicators
Abbreviation	Ecol. Indic.
ISSN (print)	1470-160X
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics General Decision Sciences Ecology