How to format your references using the Ecological Complexity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Complexity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kirkpatrick, S., 2003. Computer science. Rough times ahead. Science 299, 668–669.

A journal article with 2 authors

Denton, M., Marshall, C., 2001. Protein folds: laws of form revisited. Nature 410, 417.

A journal article with 3 authors

Satoh, N., Nakashima, T., Yamamoto, K., 2013. Metastability of anatase: size dependent and irreversible anatase-rutile phase transition in atomic-level precise titania. Sci. Rep. 3, 1959.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kuhr, S., Alt, W., Schrader, D., Muller, M., Gomer, V., Meschede, D., 2001. Deterministic delivery of a single atom. Science 293, 278–280.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kaul, S., Ali, F., Janakiram, S., Wattenström, B., 2008. Business Models for Sustainable Telecoms Growth in Developing Economies. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Grossweiner, L.I., 2005. The Science of Phototherapy: An Introduction. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Richardson, H.W., Pan, Q., Gordon, P., Moore, J.E., Park, J., Ngyuen, C., 2015. A Bomb Attack on a Shopping Mall, in: Richardson, H.W., Pan, Q., Park, J., Moore, J.E., II (Eds.), Regional Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks, Natural Disasters and Metropolitan Policies, Advances in Spatial Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 87–94.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Complexity.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2015. Neanderthals Used Eagle Talons to Make Jewelry [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010. National Transportation Safety Board: Issues Related to the 2010 Reauthorization (No. GAO-10-366T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wylie, R.W., 2017. Response to Intervention: A Study of Intervention Programs in Rural Secondary Schools (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Van Gelder, S.K.C. by L., 2005. Arts, Briefly; A New Yorker Clone Folds. New York Times E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kirkpatrick, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Denton and Marshall, 2001; Kirkpatrick, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Denton and Marshall, 2001)
Three or more authors: (Kuhr et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Complexity
Abbreviation	Ecol. Complex.
ISSN (print)	1476-945X
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecological Modelling