How to format your references using the Earthquake Spectra citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Earthquake Spectra. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Morse, S. S., 2008. Retrospective: Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008). Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5868), 1351.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zhu, H., and Owen, M. R., 2013. Damped propagation of cell polarization explains distinct PCP phenotypes of epithelial patterning. Scientific reports, 3, 2528.

A journal article with 3 authors

Furuya, T., Kamlet, A. S., and Ritter, T., 2011. Catalysis for fluorination and trifluoromethylation. Nature, 473(7348), 470–477.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Ortega-Esteban, A., Pérez-Berná, A. J., Menéndez-Conejero, R., Flint, S. J., San Martín, C., and de Pablo, P. J., 2013. Monitoring dynamics of human adenovirus disassembly induced by mechanical fatigue. Scientific reports, 3, 1434.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anderson, T. J., 2015. The Value of Debt in Retirement. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Altenbach, H., and Mikhasev, G. I. (Eds.), 2015. Shell and Membrane Theories in Mechanics and Biology: From Macro- to Nanoscale Structures. Advanced Structured Materials (Vol. 45). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Jun, B., and Kim, D., 2007. Robust Real-Time Face Detection Using Face Certainty Map. In S.-W. Lee and S. Z. Li (Eds.), Advances in Biometrics: International Conference, ICB 2007, Seoul, Korea, August 27-29, 2007. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 29–38). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Earthquake Spectra.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014, September 12. Giant Manta Ray Tangled In Fishing Line Appears To “Ask For Help” From Divers. IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/giant-manta-ray-tangled-fishing-line-appears-ask-help-divers/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1990. Air Traffic Control: Status of FAA’s Effort to Modernize the System ( No. RCED-90-146FS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cetin, B., 2012. Leaching of metals from high carbon fly ash mixed soils (Doctoral dissertation). College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J., 2016, September 6. Even With Little Shut-Eye, Mets Turn Lights Out on Reds. New York Times, B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Morse, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Morse, 2008; Zhu and Owen, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Zhu and Owen, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Ortega-Esteban et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Earthquake Spectra
ISSN (print)	8755-2930
ISSN (online)	1944-8201
Scope