How to format your references using the Earthquake Spectra citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Earthquake Spectra. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hodson, R., 2015. Prostate cancer: 4 big questions. Nature, 528(7582), S137.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jarvis, P., and Linder, S., 2000. Constraints to growth of boreal forests. Nature, 405(6789), 904–905.

A journal article with 3 authors

Padian, K., de Ricqlès, A. J., and Horner, J. R., 2001. Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature, 412(6845), 405–408.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Guo, Z., Man, Y., Wang, X., Jin, H., Sun, X., Su, X., Hao, J., et al., 2014. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Scientific reports, 4, 3905.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Li, P., and Marrongelle, K., 2012. Having Success with NSF. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Meinel, C., Leifer, L., and Plattner, H. (Eds.), 2011. Design Thinking: Understand – Improve – Apply. Understanding Innovation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Ramsay, T., Smith, W., and Manderson, L., 2012. Brahma Kumaris: Purity and the Globalization of Faith. In L. Manderson, W. Smith, and M. Tomlinson (Eds.), Flows of Faith: Religious Reach and Community in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 51–70). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Earthquake Spectra.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J., 2015, August 21. Mystery Of How Gas Giants Formed Could Be Explained By “Planetary Pebbles.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/space/mystery-how-gas-giants-formed-could-be-explained-planetary-pebbles/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1986. Educating Deaf Students at Federally Assisted Postsecondary Schools ( No. 129130). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chandwasker, T., 2016. Comparison of ad-hoc on demand distance vector and enhanced-ad-hoc on demand distance vector on vehicular ad-hoc networks (Doctoral dissertation). Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rubin, A. J., 2017, August 31. Economy Idle, France Relaxes Its Labor Law. New York Times, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hodson, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Hodson, 2015; Jarvis and Linder, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Jarvis and Linder, 2000)
Three or more authors: (Guo et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Earthquake Spectra
ISSN (print)	8755-2930
ISSN (online)	1944-8201
Scope