How to format your references using the Early Popular Visual Culture citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Early Popular Visual Culture. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Evans, David A. D. 2006. “Proterozoic Low Orbital Obliquity and Axial-Dipolar Geomagnetic Field from Evaporite Palaeolatitudes.” Nature 444 (7115): 51–55.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pahnke, Katharina, and Rainer Zahn. 2005. “Southern Hemisphere Water Mass Conversion Linked with North Atlantic Climate Variability.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 307 (5716): 1741–1746.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yumoto, Norihiro, Natalie Kim, and Steven J. Burden. 2012. “Lrp4 Is a Retrograde Signal for Presynaptic Differentiation at Neuromuscular Synapses.” Nature 489 (7416): 438–442.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Mani, Ramesh G., Jürgen H. Smet, Klaus von Klitzing, Venkatesh Narayanamurti, William B. Johnson, and Vladimir Umansky. 2002. “Zero-Resistance States Induced by Electromagnetic-Wave Excitation in GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructures.” Nature 420 (6916): 646–650.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Harris, Maury. 2015. Inside the Crystal Ball. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Shoniregun, Charles A. 2008. Securing Biometrics Applications. Edited by Stephen Crosier. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Liu, Zhanwen. 2010. “Etiology in Chinese Medicine.” In Essentials of Chinese Medicine, edited by Zhanwen Liu, 131–164. London: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Early Popular Visual Culture.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2015. “In Future, The Internet Could Come Through Your Lightbulb.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/future-internet-could-come-through-your-lightbulb/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2002. Information Technology: OMB Leadership Critical to Making Needed Enterprise Architecture and E-Government Progress. GAO-02-389T. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kirk, Candice. 2017. “Early Maladaptive Attachment Styles and Psychological Aggression in Romantic Relationships: A Content Analysis, 2006-2016.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Bray, Chad. 2017. “Barclays Charged in Qatar Fund-Raising.” New York Times, June 20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Evans 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Evans 2006; Pahnke and Zahn 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pahnke and Zahn 2005)
Three authors: (Yumoto, Kim, and Burden 2012)
4 or more authors: (Mani et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Early Popular Visual Culture
Abbreviation	Early Popul. Vis. Cult.
ISSN (print)	1746-0654
ISSN (online)	1746-0662
Scope	History Visual Arts and Performing Arts Cultural Studies