How to format your references using the Diseases of the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diseases of the Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Egan G. Only connect. Nature. 2000 Feb 10;403(6770):599.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nachev P, Husain M. Comment on “Detecting awareness in the vegetative state.” Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1221; author reply 1221.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kayser MS, Yue Z, Sehgal A. A critical period of sleep for development of courtship circuitry and behavior in Drosophila. Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):269–74.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bae SH, Bae KH, Kim JA, Seo YS. RPA governs endonuclease switching during processing of Okazaki fragments in eukaryotes. Nature. 2001 Jul 26;412(6845):456–61.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kuehni RG. Color. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Tymieniecka AT, editor. Timing and Temporality in Islamic Philosophy and Phenomenology of Life. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007. XII, 346 p. (Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue; vol. 3).

A chapter in an edited book

Coles VJ, Hood RR. Approaches and Challenges for Linking Marine Biogeochemical Models with the “Omics” Revolution. In: Glibert PM, Kana TM, editors. Aquatic Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry: A Dual Perspective. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 45–63.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Blog post

Andrews R. Mysterious Signal Above Antarctica Traced Back To Country-Sized Chunk Of Vibrating Ice [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/mysterious-signal-antarctica-traced-back-countrysized-chunk-vibrating-ice/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Air Traffic Control: Status of FAA’s Implementation of the Display System Replacement Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Oct. Report No.: T-RCED-00-19.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fonfa SL. The impact of increased security on the employment options and lives of people with severe disabilities [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices Let U.S. Transfer Padilla to Civilian Custody. New York Times. 2006 Jan 5;A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Diseases of the Esophagus
Abbreviation	Dis. Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1120-8694
ISSN (online)	1442-2050
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology