How to format your references using the Diseases of the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diseases of the Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Guberman SL. Chemistry. Breaking up is hard to do without an electron. Science. 2001 Nov 16;294(5546):1474–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sun F, He S. Extending the scanning angle of a phased array antenna by using a null-space medium. Sci Rep. 2014 Oct 30;4:6832.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rapp RP, Shimizu N, Norman MD. Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite. Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):605–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ando J, Shibata Y, Okajima Y, Kanagawa K, Furusho M, Tomioka N. Striped iron zoning of olivine induced by dislocation creep in deformed peridotites. Nature. 2001;414(6866):893–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vanclef J. The Wealth Code 2.0. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Tsui BCH, Suresh S, editors. Pediatric Atlas of Ultrasound- and Nerve Stimulation-Guided Regional Anesthesia. 1st ed. 2016. New York, NY: Springer; 2016. XXX, 553 p. 370 illus., 360 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Hall A, Dorai K. Innovation systems of the future: what sort of entrepreneurs do we need? In: Coudel E, Devautour H, Soulard CT, Faure G, Hubert B, editors. Renewing innovation systems in agriculture and food: How to go towards more sustainability? Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2013. p. 77–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Blog post

Carpineti A. What’s Inside A Red Giant? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/astronomers-see-interior-red-giants-using-starquakes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. New Denver Airport: Impact of the Delayed Baggage System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Oct. Report No.: RCED-95-35BR.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Parker DD. Uncovering Three Trumpet Works of Sofia Gubaidulina [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Even in Agreement, Scalia Puts Roberts to Lash. New York Times. 2007 Jun 28;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Diseases of the Esophagus
Abbreviation	Dis. Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1120-8694
ISSN (online)	1442-2050
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology