How to format your references using the Diseases of the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diseases of the Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rockey S. Transparency: Two years of blogging the NIH. Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):298–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fox BA, Bzik DJ. De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis is required for virulence of Toxoplasma gondii. Nature. 2002 Feb 21;415(6874):926–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Oka Y, Ye M, Zuker CS. Thirst driving and suppressing signals encoded by distinct neural populations in the brain. Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):349–52.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Burton M, Allard P, Muré F, La Spina A. Magmatic gas composition reveals the source depth of slug-driven strombolian explosive activity. Science. 2007 Jul 13;317(5835):227–30.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hoppert M. Microscopic Techniques in Biotechnology. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

Simchi-Levi D. The Logic of Logistics: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications for Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Second Edition. Chen X, Bramel J, editors. New York, NY: Springer; 2005. XX, 355 p. 38 illus. (Springer Series in Operations Research).

A chapter in an edited book

Zembaty Z, Rossi A, Spagnoli A. Estimation of Rotational Ground Motion Effects on the Bell Tower of Parma Cathedral. In: Zembaty Z, De Stefano M, editors. Seismic Behaviour and Design of Irregular and Complex Civil Structures II. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 35–48. (Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Blog post

Davis J. More Illegal Ivory Now Seized Annually Than Cocaine [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/more-illegal-ivory-now-seized-annually-cocaine/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. VA Student Financial Aid: Potential Effect of Providing Education Tax Benefit Eligibility to Students Receiving VA Assistance. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Jan. Report No.: HEHS-00-40R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Meng W. Synthesis and design of microwave wideband filters and components [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Markoff J. Another Sign of Trouble in Google’s Self-Driving Car Unit: Its Top Roboticist Is Leaving. New York Times. 2016 Aug 5;B7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Diseases of the Esophagus
Abbreviation	Dis. Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1120-8694
ISSN (online)	1442-2050
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology