How to format your references using the Digestive Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Clausen J. Man, machine and in between. Nature. 2009 Feb;457(7233):1080–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nemoto S, Finkel T. Redox regulation of forkhead proteins through a p66shc-dependent signaling pathway. Science. 2002 Mar;295(5564):2450–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zanardi I, Zifarelli G, Pusch M. An optical assay of the transport activity of ClC-7. Sci Rep. 2013 Feb;3:1231.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Liang Z, Feng T, Lok S, Liu F, Ng KB, Chan CH, et al. Space-coiling metamaterials with double negativity and conical dispersion. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1614.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Adámek J. Foundations of Coding. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1991.

An edited book

Martella C. Practical Graph Analytics with Apache Giraph. Berkeley, CA: Apress; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Beers PJ, Bots PWG. Conceptual Analysis of Interdisciplinary Scientific Work. In: Kokinov B, Richardson DC, Roth-Berghofer TR, Vieu L, editors. Modeling and Using Context: 6th International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT 2007, Roskilde, Denmark, August 20-24, 2007. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007; pp 43–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. MRI Study Finds That Infants Experience Pain In The Same Way Adults Do [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 Apr [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/infants-experience-pain-similar-way-adults/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. School Meal Programs: Experiences of the States and Districts That Eliminated Reduced-price Fees. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McClurg AD. A phenomenological study of Baby Boomer retirement— Expectations, results, and implications. 2013

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brady LS. A Cobbler Is No Longer Barefoot. New York Times. 2015 Oct;ST13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive Surgery
Abbreviation	Dig. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0253-4886
ISSN (online)	1421-9883
Scope	Gastroenterology Surgery