How to format your references using the Digestive Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Diamond J. Unwritten knowledge. Nature. 2001 Mar;410(6828):521.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hall PS, Kincaid C. Diapiric flow at subduction zones: a recipe for rapid transport. Science. 2001 Jun;292(5526):2472–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chen A, Wang S, Pacala SW. Comment on “Global correlations in tropical tree species richness and abundance reject neutrality.” Science. 2012 Jun;336(6089):1639; author reply 1639.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ruiz-Morales JC, Canales-Vázquez J, Savaniu C, Marrero-López D, Zhou W, Irvine JTS. Disruption of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation. Nature. 2006 Feb;439(7076):568–71.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Qiu RG. Service Science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

Seckbach J, Kociolek P, editors. The Diatom World. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Knauth S, Kaufmann L, Jost C, Kistler R, Klapproth A. The iLoc Ultrasound Indoor Localization System at the EvAAL 2011 Competition. In: Chessa S, Knauth S, editors. Evaluating AAL Systems Through Competitive Benchmarking. Indoor Localization and Tracking: International Competition, EvAAL 2011, Competition in Valencia, Spain, July 25-29, 2011, and Final Workshop in Lecce, Italy, September 26, 2011. Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012; pp 52–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive Surgery.

Blog post

Hale T. Video Games Could Be A Tool To Help People Out Of Depression [Internet]. IFLScience. 2017 Mar [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/video-games-could-be-a-tool-to-help-people-out-of-depression/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Manpower Training Program--GAO Conclusions and Observations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1972.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Motala S. Siblings caring for elderly parents with dementia. 2009

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB. Tiny School Outgains the Ivies. Here’s How. New York Times. 2017 Feb;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive Surgery
Abbreviation	Dig. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0253-4886
ISSN (online)	1421-9883
Scope	Gastroenterology Surgery