How to format your references using the Digestive Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. Cash incentives. Nature. 2004 Feb;427(6974):567.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zhu L, Wang J. Arbitrary manipulation of spatial amplitude and phase using phase-only spatial light modulators. Sci Rep. 2014 Dec;4:7441.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bix M, Kim S, Rao A. Immunology. Opposites attract in differentiating T cells. Science. 2005 Jun;308(5728):1563–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nomura K, Debroy S, Lee YH, Pumplin N, Jones J, He SY. A bacterial virulence protein suppresses host innate immunity to cause plant disease. Science. 2006 Jul;313(5784):220–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Adams N. Eclipse of Grace. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

Nishii R, Ei S-I, Koiso M, Ochiai H, Okada K, Saito S, et al., editors. A Mathematical Approach to Research Problems of Science and Technology: Theoretical Basis and Developments in Mathematical Modeling. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Daghighian F, Fong Y. Detectors for Intraoperative Molecular Imaging: From Probes to Scanners. In: Fong Y, Giulianotti PC, Lewis J, Groot Koerkamp B, Reiner T, editors. Imaging and Visualization in The Modern Operating Room: A Comprehensive Guide for Physicians. New York, NY: Springer; 2015; pp 55–67.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive Diseases.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Our Solar System May Have Had An Extra Fifth Giant Planet In The Past [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 Aug [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/our-solar-system-may-have-had-extra-fifth-giant-planet-past/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NASA’s FIA Program: NASA’s Progress in Implementing Financial Integrity Act Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Aguerrebere Y. Case study of home-school visits. 2009

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S. Golden Arms Tourney Continues a Quest. New York Times. 2002 Jun;86.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive Diseases
Abbreviation	Dig. Dis.
ISSN (print)	0257-2753
ISSN (online)	1421-9875
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology