How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Miller JS. Obituary: Donald E. Osterbrock (1924-2007). Nature 2007;446:870.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Imura T, Tomonaga M. Differences between chimpanzees and humans in visual temporal integration. Sci Rep 2013;3:3256.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Lin X, Clark AC, Chan MHW. Probable heat capacity signature of the supersolid transition. Nature 2007;449:1025–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Janssen EM, Lemmens EE, Wolfe T, Christen U, von Herrath MG, Schoenberger SP. CD4+ T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Nature 2003;421:852–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Hecht J. Understanding Lasers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

[1]

Blot J. Infinite-Horizon Optimal Control in the Discrete-Time Framework. New York, NY: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Dadkhah S, Manaf AA, Sadeghi S. Efficient Image Authentication and Tamper Localization Algorithm Using Active Watermarking. In: Hassanien AE, Kim T-H, Kacprzyk J, Awad AI, editors. Bio-inspiring Cyber Security and Cloud Services: Trends and Innovations, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014, p. 115–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Long Periods Of Poverty Linked To Loss Of Brain Function. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/long-periods-of-poverty-linked-to-loss-of-brain-function/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Efforts To Improve School Lunch Programs--Are They Paying Off? Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1981.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ott WH. An Analysis of the Coordinated Implementation of Digitally-Aided Close Air Support: An Integrated Systems Engineering and Test & Evaluation Approach. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kelly M. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Overview; Bush Subtly Avoids Direct Attack Against Clinton on the Draft Issue. New York Times 1992:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis. Suppl.
ISSN (print)	1594-5804
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology