How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Abbott A. Europe’s X-ray observatory defies the jinx. Nature 2000;403:693.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Karbaschi M, Cooke MS. Novel method for the high-throughput processing of slides for the comet assay. Sci Rep 2014;4:7200.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J-M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science 2011;334:928–35.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Wolfe AM, Jorgenson RA, Robishaw T, Heiles C, Prochaska JX. An 84-microG magnetic field in a galaxy at redshift z = 0.692. Nature 2008;455:638–40.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Casandjian C, Challamel N, Lanos C, Hellesland J. Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames. Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

[1]

Shakarian P. Geospatial Abduction: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Chondrogianni N, Gonos ES. Proteasome Function Determines Cellular Homeostasis and the Rate of Aging. In: Tavernarakis N, editor. Protein Metabolism and Homeostasis in Aging, Boston, MA: Springer US; 2010, p. 38–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D. Humans Now Drive Evolution On Earth, Both Creating And Destroying Species. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/humans-now-drive-evolution-on-earth-both-creating-and-destroying-species/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Safety: FAA’s Safety Inspection Management System Lacks Adequate Oversight. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Aslanyan AL. Psycho-educational group for family members of adults with a mental health diagnosis: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Blanchard K. Let the Pill Go Free. New York Times 2010:A27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis. Suppl.
ISSN (print)	1594-5804
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology