How to format your references using the Digestion citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestion. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Linden DJ. Neuroscience. From molecules to memory in the cerebellum. Science. 2003 Sep;301(5640):1682–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wei S, Li X. Differential effects of propranolol on conditioned hyperactivity and locomotor sensitization induced by morphine in rats. Sci Rep. 2014 Jan;4:3786.

A journal article with 3 authors

Deleault NR, Lucassen RW, Supattapone S. RNA molecules stimulate prion protein conversion. Nature. 2003 Oct;425(6959):717–20.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Rooney HCE, Van’t Klooster JW, van der Hoorn RAL, Joosten MHAJ, Jones JDG, de Wit PJGM. Cladosporium Avr2 inhibits tomato Rcr3 protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance. Science. 2005 Jun;308(5729):1783–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Calvello AA. Environmental Alpha. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Chen H, Chau M, Li S-H, Urs S, Srinivasa S, Wang GA, editors. Intelligence and Security Informatics: Pacific Asia Workshop, PAISI 2010, Hyderabad, India, June 21, 2010. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

Rivlin RS. An Introduction to Non-Linear Continuum Mechanics. In: Rilvil RS, editor. Non-linear Continuum Theories in Mechanics and Physics and their Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011; pp 151–309.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestion.

Blog post

Andrew E. Will Stem Cell Burgers Go Mainstream? [Internet]. IFLScience. 2014 May [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/will-stem-cell-burgers-go-mainstream/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Management: Leadership Needed in Managing Federal Telecommunications. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Thompson K. An Introduction to the Cox Proportional Hazards Model and Its Applications to Survival Analysis. 2014

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K. After a Fire, A Fishery Is Restocked. New York Times. 2007 Jul;NJ6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestion
Abbreviation	Digestion
ISSN (print)	0012-2823
ISSN (online)	1421-9867
Scope	Gastroenterology