How to format your references using the Digestion citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestion. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Oster G. Brownian ratchets: Darwin’s motors. Nature. 2002 May;417(6884):25.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wu H, Siegel RM. Medicine. Progranulin resolves inflammation. Science. 2011 Apr;332(6028):427–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Pornillos O, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Yeager M. Atomic-level modelling of the HIV capsid. Nature. 2011 Jan;469(7330):424–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Van Oost K, Govers G, Quine TA, Heckrath G. Comment on “Managing soil carbon” (I). Science. 2004 Sep;305(5690):1567; author reply 1567.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cornier J, Owen A, Kwade A, Van de Voorde M. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Innovation and Production. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2017.

An edited book

Yung M, Zhang J, Yang Z, editors. Trusted Systems: 7th International Conference, INTRUST 2015, Beijing, China, December 7-8, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. 1st ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Sarbo JJ, Farkas JI, van Breemen AJJ. A world of signs. In: Farkas JI, Breemen AJJ van, editors. Knowledge in Formation: A Computational Theory of Interpretation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011; pp 55–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestion.

Blog post

Davis J. Japanese Startup Wants to Create Man-Made Meteor Showers [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 Jun

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Airport Privatization: Limited Interest despite FAA’s Pilot Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ford VF. An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Turnover Intentions, Work Exhaustion and Disengagement among IT Professionals in a Single Institution of Higher Education in a Major Metropolitan Area. 2012

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman J. Nowhere to Run: Outside Refuges, Cheetahs Face Outsize Threats. New York Times. 2016 Dec;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestion
Abbreviation	Digestion
ISSN (print)	0012-2823
ISSN (online)	1421-9867
Scope	Gastroenterology