How to format your references using the Digestion citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestion. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Knott G. Neurodegeneration: Cold shock protects the brain. Nature. 2015 Feb;518(7538):177–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Burdon JJ, Thrall PH. Coevolution of plants and their pathogens in natural habitats. Science. 2009 May;324(5928):755–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang Z, Shibahara K, Stillman B. PCNA connects DNA replication to epigenetic inheritance in yeast. Nature. 2000 Nov;408(6809):221–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Polo S, Sigismund S, Faretta M, Guidi M, Capua MR, Bossi G, et al. A single motif responsible for ubiquitin recognition and monoubiquitination in endocytic proteins. Nature. 2002 Mar;416(6879):451–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Robbins NB. Creating More Effective Graphs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2004.

An edited book

Boykov Y, Kahl F, Lempitsky V, Schmidt FR, editors. Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 8th International Conference, EMMCVPR 2011, St. Petersburg, Russia, July 25-27, 2011. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Reinaldo F, Camacho R, Reis LP, Magalhães DR. Fine-Tune Artificial Neural Networks Automatically. In: Mastorakis N, Mladenov V, Kontargyri VT, editors. Proceedings of the European Computing Conference: Volume 1. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2009; pp 39–43.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestion.

Blog post

Andrew E. Scientists Solve Decades-Old Lunar Mystery [Internet]. IFLScience. 2014 Oct [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/man-moon-caused-volcanic-activity-not-asteroid-impact/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Small Businesses Are More Active as Inventors Than as Innovators in the Innovation Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1981.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Crider MC. The social and environmental effects of shrimp mariculture: Case studies of two coastal villages in Ecuador. 2012

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwirtz M, Winerip M, Gebeloff R. The Scourge of Racial Bias in New York State’s Prisons. New York Times. 2016 Dec;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestion
Abbreviation	Digestion
ISSN (print)	0012-2823
ISSN (online)	1421-9867
Scope	Gastroenterology