How to format your references using the Current Opinion in Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hede K. Emergency medicine: The need for speed. Nature. 2013 Nov 14;503(7475):S14-5.

A journal article with 2 authors

O’Shea PG, Freund HP. Free-electron lasers. Status and applications. Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1853–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bibby TS, Nield J, Barber J. Iron deficiency induces the formation of an antenna ring around trimeric photosystem I in cyanobacteria. Nature. 2001 Aug 16;412(6848):743–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Manney GL, Santee ML, Rex M, Livesey NJ, Pitts MC, Veefkind P, et al. Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011. Nature. 2011 Oct 2;478(7370):469–75.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hopkins BR. Fundraising Law Made Easy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Foster H. Assertion-Based Design. Second Edition. Krolnik A, Lacey D, editors. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005. XXIII, 390 p.

A chapter in an edited book

Morita K. Policies Towards Tackling Climate Change and Their Compatibility with the WTO. In: Nakanishi Y, editor. Contemporary Issues in Environmental Law: The EU and Japan. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2016. p. 63–86. (Environmental Protection in the European Union).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Current Opinion in Ophthalmology.

Blog post

Luntz S. Lichen: A Three-Way Symbiosis [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/lichen-a-threeway-symbiosis/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal Government. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Feb. Report No.: GAO-05-325SP.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McNamee L. Best Practices in Higher Education Faculty Motivation [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara S. Joyful Puzzles of Home and Transition. New York Times. 2015 May 3;WE9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (print)	1040-8738
ISSN (online)	1531-7021
Scope	General Medicine Ophthalmology