How to format your references using the Critical Care Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Critical Care Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Martínez JL: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science 2008; 321:365–367

A journal article with 2 authors

Hemberger M, Pedersen R: Stem cells. Epigenome disruptors. Science 2010; 330:598–599

A journal article with 3 authors

Jansens A, van Duijn E, Braakman I: Coordinated nonvectorial folding in a newly synthesized multidomain protein. Science 2002; 298:2401–2403

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yang Z, Han S, Keller M, et al.: Structural basis of ligand binding modes at the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. Nature 2018; 556:520–524

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vicat-Blanc P, Soudan S, Guillier R, et al.: Computing Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2013.

An edited book

Ditzel M: Power-Aware Architecting for data-dominated applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Harmon-Jones E, Peterson CK, Harmon-Jones C: Anger, Motivation, and Asymmetrical Frontal Cortical Activations. In: Potegal M, Stemmler G, Spielberger C, editor(s). International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 61–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Critical Care Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E: Study Suggests Rats Capable Of Feeling Regret Over Poor Choices [Internet]. IFLScience 2014; [cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/study-suggests-rats-capable-feeling-regret-over-poor-choices/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: NSA Methods of Acquiring Automatic Data Processing Equipment. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1976.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Flannery R: Clustering of Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Cilia. 2006;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wilson M: A Hole in Their Hearts, 5 Years After Hurricane Hit Staten Island. New York Times 2017; A15

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Critical Care Medicine
Abbreviation	Crit. Care Med.
ISSN (print)	0090-3493
ISSN (online)	1530-0293
Scope	Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine