How to format your references using the Critical Care Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Critical Care Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Reichhardt T: NSF urged to take multidisciplinary tack on environment. Nature 2003; 421:102

A journal article with 2 authors

Bainer R, Weaver V: Cell biology. Strength under tension. Science 2013; 341:965–966

A journal article with 3 authors

Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ, Lyons TW: Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies. Nature 2013; 497:100–103

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Um S, Fraimout A, Sapountzis P, et al.: The fungus-growing termite Macrotermes natalensis harbors bacillaene-producing Bacillus sp. that inhibit potentially antagonistic fungi. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3250

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Broekaert JAC: Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

Economics of Unconventional Shale Gas Development: Case Studies and Impacts. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Cancellaro F: The Accounting System of Central State Administrations. In: Mazzeo A, Bellini R, Motta G, editor(s). E-Government Ict Professionalism and Competences Service Science. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008. p. 41–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Critical Care Medicine.

Blog post

Hale T: NASA Release Report On The Orbital ATK Antares Rocket Crash Last Year [Internet]. IFLScience 2015; [cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-release-report-orbital-atk-antares-rocket-crash-last-year/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Survey of Pricing on NASA Contract. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Manso PH: Teacher Evaluation: A Qualitative Study on Growth-Producing Practices in K-8 Schools. 2017;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Tanenhaus S: The Spirit of ’14. New York Times 2014; MM24

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Critical Care Medicine
Abbreviation	Crit. Care Med.
ISSN (print)	0090-3493
ISSN (online)	1530-0293
Scope	Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine