How to format your references using the Crime Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Crime Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Byatt, A. S. (2005). Fiction informed by science. Nature, 434(7031), 294–297.

A journal article with 2 authors

Marks, C. O., & Muller-Landau, H. C. (2007). Comment on “From plant traits to plant communities: a statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 316(5830), 1425; author reply 1425.

A journal article with 3 authors

Oliveira, R. F., Carneiro, L. A., & Canário, A. V. M. (2005). Behavioural endocrinology: no hormonal response in tied fights. Nature, 437(7056), 207–208.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Yang, Y., Herrera, C., Eagle, N., & González, M. C. (2014). Limits of predictability in commuting flows in the absence of data for calibration. Scientific reports, 4, 5662.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Naylor, W., Laverty, D., & Mallett, J. (2008). The Royal Marsden Hospital Handbook of Wound Management in Cancer Care. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd.

An edited book

Watson, L. W., & Woods, C. S. (Eds.). (2011). Go Where You Belong: Male Teachers as Cultural Workers in the Lives of Children, Families, and Communities (Vol. 67). Rotterdam: SensePublishers.

A chapter in an edited book

Bernaert, M., Poels, G., Snoeck, M., & De Backer, M. (2014). Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Starting Point for Bringing EA to SMEs, Based on Adoption Models. In J. Devos, H. van Landeghem, & D. Deschoolmeester (Eds.), Information Systems for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: State of Art of IS Research in SMEs (pp. 67–96). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Crime Science.

Blog post

Andrew, D. (2016, June 18). Raise A Cup – Of Coffee; WHO No Longer Says It Can Cause Cancer. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/raise-a-cup-of-coffee-who-no-longer-says-it-can-cause-cancer/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). Education Reform: Initial Effects in Four School Districts (No. PEMD-89-28). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ratzlaff, K. (2012). Dynamics of chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in amphibians in the Rincon Mountains and Tucson, Arizona (Doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman, J. (2017, October 24). Simple Signal Sets Off Complex Frog Journey. New York Times, p. D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Byatt 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Byatt 2005; Marks and Muller-Landau 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Marks and Muller-Landau 2007)
Three or more authors: (Yang et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Crime Science
Abbreviation	Crime Sci.
ISSN (online)	2193-7680
Scope