How to format your references using the Crime Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Crime Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Butler, D. (2003). Quake triggers research expedition. Nature, 423(6941), 673.

A journal article with 2 authors

Frank, J., & Agrawal, R. K. (2000). A ratchet-like inter-subunit reorganization of the ribosome during translocation. Nature, 406(6793), 318–322.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang, Q., Shalaby, N. A., & Buszczak, M. (2014). Changes in rRNA transcription influence proliferation and cell fate within a stem cell lineage. Science (New York, N.Y.), 343(6168), 298–301.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Di Leva, C., Niles, J. O., Kremen, C., Guillery, P., Bonnie, R., & Schwartzman, S. (2000). Rain forest conservation under review. Science (New York, N.Y.), 289(5484), 1471c–2c.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Akiba, K.-Y. (2011). Organo Main Group Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Katz, S., Ossher, H., France, R., & Jézéquel, J.-M. (Eds.). (2009). Transactions on Aspect-Oriented Software Development VI: Special Issue on Aspects and Model-Driven Engineering (Vol. 5560). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Verweij, M. (2011). Case Description: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis. In W. Dubbink, L. van Liedekerke, & H. van Luijk (Eds.), European Business Ethics Cases in Context: The Morality of Corporate Decision Making (pp. 33–45). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Crime Science.

Blog post

Fang, J. (2015, February 25). Eating Peanuts Early in Life May Prevent Peanut Allergies. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/eating-peanuts-early-life-may-prevent-peanut-allergies/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1982). Evaluation of DOD Comments Re: DOD Instruction 5000.5X, Standard Instruction Set Architectures for Embedded Computers (No. B-199008). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Aldridge, K. N. (2015). The Impact of Improved Teachers’ Classroom Management and Cultural Responsiveness on Student Behavior (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kanter, J. (2017, May 30). With Dutch Vote, E.U. Free-Trade Deal With Ukraine Nears Final Approval. New York Times, p. A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Butler 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Butler 2003; Frank and Agrawal 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Frank and Agrawal 2000)
Three or more authors: (Di Leva et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Crime Science
Abbreviation	Crime Sci.
ISSN (online)	2193-7680
Scope