How to format your references using the Computational Particle Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Computational Particle Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Shaw JE (2014) Alejandro Zaffaroni (1923-2014). Nature 508:187

A journal article with 2 authors

Csabai I, Szathmáry E (2011) Comment on “A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus.” Science 332:1149; author reply 1149

A journal article with 3 authors

Dieterich J, Cayol V, Okubo P (2000) The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano. Nature 408:457–460

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Audero E, Coppi E, Mlinar B, et al (2008) Sporadic autonomic dysregulation and death associated with excessive serotonin autoinhibition. Science 321:130–133

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Valiev RZ, Zhilyaev AP, Langdon TG (2013) Bulk Nanostructured Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Brumme R, Khanna PK (2009) Functioning and Management of European Beech Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Hassine J, Hamou-Lhadj A (2014) Toward a UCM-Based Approach for Recovering System Availability Requirements from Execution Traces. In: Amyot D, Fonseca i Casas P, Mussbacher G (eds) System Analysis and Modeling: Models and Reusability: 8th International Conference, SAM 2014, Valencia, Spain, September 29-30, 2014. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 48–63

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Computational Particle Mechanics.

Blog post

Hamilton K (2016) Researchers Fix A 3-Billion-Year-Old Genetic Error. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/researchers-fix-a-3-billion-year-old-genetic-error/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2007) Responses to Questions for the Record; Hearing on JPDO and the Next Generation Air Transportation System: Status and Issues. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Luvani KD (2017) AIRtouch: An Intelligent Virtual Keyboard. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K (2000) That Distinctive New-Park Odor Turns Out to Be Leaking Sewage. New York Times 146

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Computational Particle Mechanics
Abbreviation	Comput. Part. Mech.
ISSN (print)	2196-4378
ISSN (online)	2196-4386
Scope