How to format your references using the Clinical Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. A question of gender. Nature. 2003 Nov 13;426(6963):209.

A journal article with 2 authors

Greene CH, Pershing AJ. Oceans. Climate drives sea change. Science. 2007 Feb 23;315(5815):1084–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Arp G, Reimer A, Reitner J. Photosynthesis-induced biofilm calcification and calcium concentrations in Phanerozoic oceans. Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1701–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Domergue R, Castaño I, De Las Peñas A, Zupancic M, Lockatell V, Hebel JR, et al. Nicotinic acid limitation regulates silencing of Candida adhesins during UTI. Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):866–70.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

O’Gorman TW. Adaptive Tests of Significance Using Permutations of Residuals with R and SAS®. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Moriai S, editor. Fast Software Encryption: 20th International Workshop, FSE 2013, Singapore, March 11-13, 2013. Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. XIII, 605 p. 135 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 8424).

A chapter in an edited book

Paolicchi F, Neri E, Marcheschi P. Il protocollo DICOM. In: Marcheschi P, Caramella D, editors. Produrre ed elaborare immagini diagnostiche. Milano: Springer; 2008. p. 51–8.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. Deadly Gamma-Ray Burst Could Have Triggered A Mass Extinction On Earth. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Weather Satellite Costs Have Increased: Problems Have Occurred in Their Manufacturing Quality Control. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985 Oct. Report No.: RCED-86-28.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

DeClerk CC. The relationship between retail store manager leadership styles and employee generational cohort, performance, and satisfaction [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. Critics See Kremlin’s Hand in Charges Against Ex-K.G.B. Agent. New York Times. 2004 Dec 12;127.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Med.
ISSN (print)	1470-2118
ISSN (online)	1473-4893
Scope	General Medicine

Research and Writing Guides