How to format your references using the Clinical Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sarewitz D. Sometimes science must give way to religion. Nature. 2012 Aug 23;488(7412):431.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pitnick S, Pfennig DW. Evolutionary biology: Brotherly love benefits females. Nature. 2014 Jan 30;505(7485):626–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sakamaki T, Suzuki A, Ohtani E. Stability of hydrous melt at the base of the Earth’s upper mantle. Nature. 2006 Jan 12;439(7073):192–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Li Y, Yu G, Liang B, Zou X, Li G, Cheng S, et al. Three-dimensional ultrathin planar lenses by acoustic metamaterials. Sci Rep. 2014 Oct 30;4:6830.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Young GC. Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Conversion Processes. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Xu Y, Awschalom DD, Nitta J, editors. Handbook of Spintronics. 1st ed. 2016. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2016. 807 illus., 598 illus. in color. eReference.

A chapter in an edited book

Traverso G, Demirel D, Buchmann J. State of the Art of Homomorphic Signature Schemes. In: Demirel D, Buchmann J, editors. Homomorphic Signature Schemes: A Survey. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 35–51. (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Medicine.

Blog post

Fang J. The Days on Saturn Just Got Shorter [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/days-saturn-just-got-shorter/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Space Shuttle: Upgrade Activities and Carryover Balances. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Oct. Report No.: T-NSIAD-98-21.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Duggimpudi MB. Object Ranking Algorithms for Improved Decision Making [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chapman MM. A Year in the Slow Lane in a ’30 Ford. New York Times. 2011 Feb 13;AU1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Med.
ISSN (print)	1470-2118
ISSN (online)	1473-4893
Scope	General Medicine