How to format your references using the Clinical Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Collins F. Has the revolution arrived? Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):674–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Messina R, Ben-Abdallah P. Graphene-based photovoltaic cells for near-field thermal energy conversion. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1383.

A journal article with 3 authors

Worrell BT, Malik JA, Fokin VV. Direct evidence of a dinuclear copper intermediate in Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):457–60.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Cheong SA, Tan TL, Chen CC, Chang WL, Liu Z, Chew LY, et al. Short-term forecasting of Taiwanese earthquakes using a universal model of fusion-fission processes. Sci Rep. 2014 Jan 10;4:3624.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Arden JB, Linford L. Brain-Based Therapy with Adults. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

Yi Z, Crimmins EM, Carrière Y, Robine JM, editors. Longer Life and Healthy Aging. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2006. X, 354 p. (International Studies in Population; vol. 2).

A chapter in an edited book

Declèves X, Strazielle N, Scherrmann JM, Ghersi-Egea JF. Drug Metabolism at the Blood–Brain and Blood–CSF Barriers. In: Hammarlund-Udenaes M, de Lange ECM, Thorne RG, editors. Drug Delivery to the Brain: Physiological Concepts, Methodologies and Approaches. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. p. 101–24. (AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Medicine.

Blog post

Davis J. Researchers Turn To Science To Try And Save World’s Coral Reefs [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/researchers-turn-to-science-to-try-and-save-worlds-coral-reefs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. USDA: Information on Classical Plant and Animal Breeding Activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007 Sep. Report No.: GAO-07-1171R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bowman K. A Close Look at the 2014 Passage of the Illinois County School Facility Sales Tax in Greene County [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Howe SH. Mandan Territory, U.S.A. New York Times. 1904 Aug 6;PART TWO SATURDAY REVIEW OF BOOKSBR534.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Med.
ISSN (print)	1470-2118
ISSN (online)	1473-4893
Scope	General Medicine