How to format your references using the Clinical Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Autor DH. Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the “other 99 percent.” Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):843–51.

A journal article with 2 authors

Meldrum DR, Holl MR. Tech.Sight. Microfluidics. Microscale bioanalytical systems. Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1197–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tischer T, Hörmanseder E, Mayer TU. The APC/C inhibitor XErp1/Emi2 is essential for Xenopus early embryonic divisions. Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):520–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Beaumont C, Jamieson RA, Nguyen MH, Lee B. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):738–42.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Packard A. Digital Media Law. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

Helmstetter J. Quadratic Mappings and Clifford Algebras. Micali A, editor. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Xi W, Bi H, He B. Forest Landscape Restoration in China. In: Stanturf J, Madsen P, Lamb D, editors. A Goal-Oriented Approach to Forest Landscape Restoration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. p. 65–92. (World Forests).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Medicine.

Blog post

Davis J. Study Finds Genetic Link Between Creativity And Psychosis. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: TSA Is Increasing Procurement and Deployment of the Advanced Imaging Technology, but Challenges to This Effort and Other Areas of Aviation Security Remain. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010 Mar. Report No.: GAO-10-484T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Elizalde K. Relationship between Latino adolescents and their mental health well-being: A quantitative study [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt LF. A Pink Slip-Up For Garbage Pickup. New York Times. 2006 Jan 22;14LI7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Med.
ISSN (print)	1470-2118
ISSN (online)	1473-4893
Scope	General Medicine