How to format your references using the Clinical Infectious Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Infectious Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Buchanan M. Economics: Meltdown modelling. Nature 2009; 460:680–682.

A journal article with 2 authors

Thomas PC, Robinson MS. Seismic resurfacing by a single impact on the asteroid 433 Eros. Nature 2005; 436:366–369.

A journal article with 3 authors

Back JM, McCue SW, Moroney TJ. Including nonequilibrium interface kinetics in a continuum model for melting nanoscaled particles. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7066.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Patanè D, De Gori P, Chiarabba C, Bonaccorso A. Magma ascent and the pressurization of Mount Etna’s volcanic system. Science 2003; 299:2061–2063.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McCurley L. Professional Rope Access. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016.

An edited book

Marcus A, editor. Design, User Experience, and Usability. User Experience in Novel Technological Environments: Second International Conference, DUXU 2013, Held as Part of HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21-26, 2013, Proceedings, Part III. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Chakrabarti S, Sinha M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms, Consequences and Interventions. In: Thakur MK, Rattan SIS, eds. Brain Aging and Therapeutic Interventions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012: 49–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Blog post

Taub B. Check Out What Pops Out When This Object Is Cut Open. IFLScience, 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/man-assists-shark-birth-by-cutting-it-out-of-its-egg/. Accessed 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Technology Transfer: NNSA Did Not Implement the Technology Infrastructure Pilot Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Biller JT. Cyber-Terrorism: Finding a Common Starting Point. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M. Sky’s the Limit: Yogis Head Outdoors. New York Times. 2011; :MB1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Infectious Diseases
Abbreviation	Clin. Infect. Dis.
ISSN (print)	1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
Scope	Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)