How to format your references using the Clinical Infectious Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Infectious Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brenner MP. Fluid mechanics. Jets from a singular surface. Nature 2000; 403:377–378.

A journal article with 2 authors

Xu X, Norell MA. A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture. Nature 2004; 431:838–841.

A journal article with 3 authors

Oxborrow M, Breeze JD, Alford NM. Room-temperature solid-state maser. Nature 2012; 488:353–356.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gruene P, Rayner DM, Redlich B, et al. Structures of neutral Au7, Au19, and Au20 clusters in the gas phase. Science 2008; 321:674–676.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Davis TB. Audel Industrial Multi-Craft Mini-Ref. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

Cesar P, Chorianopoulos K, Jensen JF, editors. Interactive TV: a Shared Experience: 5th European Conference, EuroITV 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May 24-25, 2007. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Niedergang F, Chavrier P. Regulation of Phagocytosis by Rho GTPases. In: Boquet P, Lemichez E, eds. Bacterial Virulence Factors and Rho GTPases. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2005: 43–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Blog post

Carpineti A. NASA Probes Reveal Current In Earth’s Radiation Belts Is Not As Expected. IFLScience, 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasas-probes-show-space-ring-current-not-expected/. Accessed 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Public Transportation: Requirements for Smaller Capital Projects Generally Seen as Less Burdensome. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ready C. Preventing childhood obesity in foster children: A grant proposal. 2014;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Biillard M. Listen Up, but Good. New York Times. 2010; :E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Infectious Diseases
Abbreviation	Clin. Infect. Dis.
ISSN (print)	1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
Scope	Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)