How to format your references using the Clinical Cancer Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Cancer Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Garde S. Physical chemistry: Hydrophobic interactions in context. Nature. 2015;517:277–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Luo Z-X, Wible JR. A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification. Science. 2005;308:103–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cochran WW, Mouritsen H, Wikelski M. Migrating songbirds recalibrate their magnetic compass daily from twilight cues. Science. 2004;304:405–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ling X, Zhou X, Shu W, Luo H, Wen S. Realization of tunable photonic spin Hall effect by tailoring the Pancharatnam-berry phase. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5557.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Khoei AR. Extended Finite Element Method. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Holden H, Piene R, editors. The Abel Prize: 2003–2007 The First Five Years. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

McGee RW. The Role of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance. In: McGee RW, editor. Corporate Governance in Transition Economies. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2009. page 35–9.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Cancer Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. Mind-Controlling Wasps Enslave Zombie Spiders To Build Them A Perfect Nest [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/mind-controlling-wasps-enslave-zombie-spiders-build-them-perfect-nest/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Obtaining Care for Chronically Ill Children in the Home Based Setting. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 May. Report No.: T-HRD-88-17.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jackson RA. Musculoskeletal Injuries in California Ocean Lifeguards [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. Races End Fees to Top Runners, Drawing Outcry. New York Times. 2013;B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Cancer Research
Abbreviation	Clin. Cancer Res.
ISSN (print)	1078-0432
ISSN (online)	1557-3265
Scope	Cancer Research Oncology