How to format your references using the Clinical Cancer Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Cancer Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Huybers P. Early Pleistocene glacial cycles and the integrated summer insolation forcing. Science. 2006;313:508–11.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sattelberger AP, Johnson MJA. Chemistry. Uncovering the uranium-nitrogen triple bond. Science. 2012;337:652–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rouse GW, Goffredi SK, Vrijenhoek RC. Osedax: bone-eating marine worms with dwarf males. Science. 2004;305:668–71.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Dueber JE, Yeh BJ, Chak K, Lim WA. Reprogramming control of an allosteric signaling switch through modular recombination. Science. 2003;301:1904–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mitola J III. Software Radio Architecture. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2002.

An edited book

Rovira Más F. Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems for Off-road Vehicles. Zhang Q, Hansen AC, editors. London: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Shen Y, Hermans E, Brijs T, Wets G. Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis in Composite Indicator Construction. In: Emrouznejad A, Tavana M, editors. Performance Measurement with Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. page 89–100.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Cancer Research.

Blog post

Taub B. New Study Reveals How The Brain Adjusts To Alcoholism [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/new-study-reveals-how-the-brain-adjusts-to-alcoholism/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Elementary School Children: Many Change Schools Frequently, Harming Their Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Feb. Report No.: HEHS-94-45.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Maddox AL. Secondary Structure Analysis of the C-Terminus of Gα-Interacting Vesicle Associated Protein Using Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rothenberg B. Sharapova Given Wild Card Into U.S. Open, Her First Major Since 2016. New York Times. 2017;B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Cancer Research
Abbreviation	Clin. Cancer Res.
ISSN (print)	1078-0432
ISSN (online)	1557-3265
Scope	Cancer Research Oncology