How to format your references using the Clinical Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Read, P., 2011. Saturn: storm-clouds brooding on towering heights. Nature 475, 44–45.

A journal article with 2 authors

Larson, H.J., Ghinai, I., 2011. Lessons from polio eradication. Nature 473, 446–447.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zaimi, K., Ishak, A., Pop, I., 2014. Boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid. Sci. Rep. 4, 4404.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Pagani, M., Zachos, J.C., Freeman, K.H., Tipple, B., Bohaty, S., 2005. Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene. Science 309, 600–603.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gordon, A., Hernandez, S., 2016. The Official (ISC) 2® Guide to the SSCP 2® CBK 2®. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.

An edited book

Zhang, H., 2010. Recursive Partitioning and Applications, Second. ed, Springer Series in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY.

A chapter in an edited book

Hardes, J., 2012. How to Manage Osteolytic Lesions, in: Bentley, G. (Ed.), European Instructional Lectures: Volume 12, 2012, 13th EFORT Congress, Berlin, Germany. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 45–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Biomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2015. What Are These Strange Looking “Clouds”? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/whats-causing-these-strange-looking-clouds/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010. Student Loans: Federal Web-based Tool on Private Loans Would Pose Implementation Challenges and May Be Unnecessary (No. GAO-10-990). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Winhusen, E.R., 2001. Precambrian Seawater Temperature Analysis Using Oxygen Isotopes from Hamersley Carbonates, Western Australia (Doctoral dissertation). University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodgman, J., 2017. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times MM20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Read, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Larson and Ghinai, 2011; Read, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Larson and Ghinai, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Pagani et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Biomechanics
Abbreviation	Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
ISSN (print)	0268-0033
Scope	Biophysics Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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