How to format your references using the Clinical Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Van Dyk, S.D., 2003. Astronomy. Elusive supernova progenitors. Science 302, 1161–1162.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zeng, L., Song, R., 2013. Controlling chloride ions diffusion in concrete. Sci. Rep. 3, 3359.

A journal article with 3 authors

Umari, P., Mosconi, E., De Angelis, F., 2014. Relativistic GW calculations on CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 perovskites for solar cell applications. Sci. Rep. 4, 4467.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Boysen, D.A., Uda, T., Chisholm, C.R.I., Haile, S.M., 2004. High-performance solid Acid fuel cells through humidity stabilization. Science 303, 68–70.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anjum, B., Perros, H., 2015. Bandwidth Allocation for Video Under Quality of Service Constraints. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Satapathy, S.C., Raju, K.S., Mandal, J.K., Bhateja, V. (Eds.), 2016. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computer and Communication Technologies: IC3T 2015, Volume 3, 1st ed. 2016. ed, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer India, New Delhi.

A chapter in an edited book

Wang, V., Carayannis, E.G., 2012. Conclusion and Implications, in: Carayannis, E.G. (Ed.), Promoting Balanced Competitiveness Strategies of Firms in Developing Countries. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 91–99.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Biomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2016. How Cooperative Behaviour Could Make Artificial Intelligence More Human [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1991. Transportation Infrastructure: Highway Program Consolidation (No. RCED-91-198). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nawpar, R.T., 2010. Uranyl glass for thermometry (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Harris, E.A., Greenhouse, S., 2014. Road to the Showdown at American Apparel. New York Times B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Van Dyk, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Van Dyk, 2003; Zeng and Song, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Zeng and Song, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Boysen et al., 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Biomechanics
Abbreviation	Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
ISSN (print)	0268-0033
Scope	Biophysics Orthopedics and Sports Medicine