How to format your references using the Clinical Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ferry, D.K., 2012. Applied physics. Ohm’s law in a quantum world. Science 335, 45–46.

A journal article with 2 authors

Virgin, H.W., Walker, B.D., 2010. Immunology and the elusive AIDS vaccine. Nature 464, 224–231.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rood, R.T., Bania, T.M., Balser, D.S., 2002. Cosmology. The saga of 3He. Science 295, 804–805.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Watanabe, R., Soga, N., Yamanaka, T., Noji, H., 2014. High-throughput formation of lipid bilayer membrane arrays with an asymmetric lipid composition. Sci. Rep. 4, 7076.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Baber, R.L., 2011. The Language of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Guder, L.F. (Ed.), 2009. The Administration of Debt Relief by the International Financial Institutions: A Legal Reconstruction of the HIPC Initiative, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Hormazábal, N., Cardoso, H.L., de la Rosa, J.L., Oliveira, E., 2010. An Approach for Virtual Organisations’ Dissolution, in: Padget, J., Artikis, A., Vasconcelos, W., Stathis, K., Silva, V.T. da, Matson, E., Polleres, A. (Eds.), Coordination, Organizations, Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems V: COIN 2009 International Workshops. COIN@AAMAS 2009, Budapest, Hungary, May 2009, COIN@IJCAI 2009, Pasadena, USA, July 2009, COIN@MALLOW 2009, Turin, Italy, September 2009. Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 70–85.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Biomechanics.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2015. Chimps Are Capable Of Cooking Food [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1994. Weather Forecasting: Systems Architecture Needed for National Weather Service Modernization (No. AIMD-94-28). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Banerjee, S., 2013. A mathematical model for the transition in firing patterns across puberty of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney, K., 2012. At the Gym Site, Food For Fitness Lovers. New York Times NJ8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ferry, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Ferry, 2012; Virgin and Walker, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Virgin and Walker, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Watanabe et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Biomechanics
Abbreviation	Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
ISSN (print)	0268-0033
Scope	Biophysics Orthopedics and Sports Medicine