How to format your references using the Clinical Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Poskett, J., 2012. Mathematics: a life computed. Nature 486, 321.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dustin, M.L., Meyer-Hermann, M., 2012. Immunology. Antigen feast or famine. Science 335, 408–409.

A journal article with 3 authors

Taniyasu, Y., Kasu, M., Makimoto, T., 2006. An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres. Nature 441, 325–328.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Miller, D.L., Kubista, K.D., Rutter, G.M., Ruan, M., de Heer, W.A., First, P.N., Stroscio, J.A., 2009. Observing the quantization of zero mass carriers in graphene. Science 324, 924–927.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Narayanasamy, P., 2005. Postharvest Pathogens and Disease Management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Bentrem, D., Benson, A.B. (Eds.), 2016. Gastrointestinal Malignancies, Cancer Treatment and Research. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Guarnieri, F.A., Ferrara, P., Torquetti, L., 2015. Biomechanics of Additive Surgery: Intracorneal Rings, in: Guarnieri, F.A. (Ed.), Corneal Biomechanics and Refractive Surgery. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 73–107.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Biomechanics.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J., 2017. NASA’s Curiosity Rover Has Found More Evidence Of Ancient Lakes On Mars [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasas-curiosity-rover-has-found-more-evidence-of-ancient-lakes-on-mars/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1990. Defaulted Student Loans: Analysis of Defaulted Borrowers at Schools Accredited by Seven Agencies (No. HRD-90-178FS). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Herkert, H.L., 2015. Toward an Unseen Shore: Imaginative Thinking in Childhood Grief (Doctoral dissertation). Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K., 2002. Street-Cleaning Rules Are Whisked Away, And Drivers Get a Little Patch of Heaven. New York Times 144.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Poskett, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Dustin and Meyer-Hermann, 2012; Poskett, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dustin and Meyer-Hermann, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Miller et al., 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Biomechanics
Abbreviation	Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
ISSN (print)	0268-0033
Scope	Biophysics Orthopedics and Sports Medicine