How to format your references using the Clinical and Vaccine Immunology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Vaccine Immunology (CVI). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Netz R. 2002. Portraits of science. Proof, amazement, and the unexpected. Science 298:967–968.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ruud J, Brüning JC. 2015. Metabolism: Light on leptin link to lipolysis. Nature 527:43–44.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rappuoli R, Miller HI, Falkow S. 2002. Medicine. The intangible value of vaccination. Science 297:937–939.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Haag-Liautard C, Dorris M, Maside X, Macaskill S, Halligan DL, Houle D, Charlesworth B, Keightley PD. 2007. Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in Drosophila. Nature 445:82–85.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hopkins BR. 2012. Starting and Managing a Nonprofit Organization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

2015. Management of Heart Failure: Volume 1: Medical2nd ed. 2015. Springer, London.

A chapter in an edited book

Norling E. 2007. Contrasting a System Dynamics Model and an Agent-Based Model of Food Web Evolution, p. 57–68. In Antunes, L, Takadama, K (eds.), Multi-Agent-Based Simulation VII: International Workshop, MABS 2006, Hakodate, Japan, May 8, 2006, Revised and Invited Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

Blog post

Hamilton K. 2016. Fentanyl: Widely Used, Deadly When Abused. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/fentanyl-widely-used-deadly-when-abused/. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2010. National Airspace System: Setting On-Time Performance Targets at Congested Airports Could Help Focus FAA’s Actions. GAO-10-542. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bartenhagen J. 2012. Transitioning organizations for sustainability: Exploring the intersection of sustainability, worldview, and organization development. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Higgins A. 2017. Putin Butts In to Claim There Were No Secrets, And Says He’ll Prove It. New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
Abbreviation	Clin. Vaccine Immunol.
ISSN (print)	1556-6811
ISSN (online)	1556-679X
Scope	Clinical Biochemistry Immunology Immunology and Allergy Microbiology (medical)