How to format your references using the Clinical and Investigative Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Investigative Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Haszeldine RS. Carbon capture and storage: how green can black be? Science. 2009 Sep 25;325(5948):1647–52.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sommaruga R, Kandolf G. Negative consequences of glacial turbidity for the survival of freshwater planktonic heterotrophic flagellates. Sci Rep. 2014 Feb 17;4:4113.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gwak G, Ko J, Ju H. Effects of porous properties on cold-start behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cells from sub-zero to normal operating temperatures. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 29;4:5770.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Tanaka M, Collins SR, Toyama BH, Weissman JS. The physical basis of how prion conformations determine strain phenotypes. Nature. 2006 Aug 3;442(7102):585–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cooper JD. Soil Water Measurement. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Andreasen T, Yager RR, Bulskov H, Christiansen H, Larsen HL, editors. Flexible Query Answering Systems: 8th International Conference, FQAS 2009, Roskilde, Denmark, October 26-28, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. XIII, 676 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 5822).

A chapter in an edited book

Alba E, Luque G. Performance of Distributed GAs on DNA Fragment Assembly. In: Nedjah N, Mourelle L de M, Alba E, editors. Parallel Evolutionary Computations. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 97–115. (Studies in Computational Intelligence).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Investigative Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. Using Seawater To Create Jet Fuel [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/using-seawater-create-jet-fuel/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Emergency Relief: Strengthened Oversight of Project Eligibility Decisions Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011 Nov. Report No.: GAO-12-45.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Picchini AM. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus: Modulation of stem cell fate by experience [Doctoral dissertation]. [New York, NY]: Columbia University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J, Blinder A, Najar N. Drinks at a Bar, Ethnic Insults, Then Gunshots. New York Times. 2017 Feb 24;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Investigative Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Invest. Med.
ISSN (print)	0147-958X
ISSN (online)	1488-2353
Scope	General Medicine

Research and Writing Guides