How to format your references using the Clinical and Investigative Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Investigative Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Reichhardt T. NASA: trawling through the wreckage. Nature. 2003 Dec 18;426(6968):754–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Biochemistry. Intramembrane proteases--mixing oil and water. Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2156–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Saalmann YB, Pigarev IN, Vidyasagar TR. Neural mechanisms of visual attention: how top-down feedback highlights relevant locations. Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1612–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Segall P, Desmarais EK, Shelly D, Miklius A, Cervelli P. Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii. Nature. 2006 Jul 6;442(7098):71–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rounds J, Segner R. Construction Supervision. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

Bodnár T, Galdi GP, Nečasová Š, editors. Fluid-Structure Interaction and Biomedical Applications. Basel: Springer; 2014. XIV, 569 p. 101 illus., 54 illus. in color. (Advances in Mathematical Fluid Mechanics).

A chapter in an edited book

Yang J, Liu H. Nanocomposites Consisting of Silver Sulfide and Noble Metals. In: Liu H, editor. Metal-Based Composite Nanomaterials. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 93–113.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Investigative Medicine.

Blog post

Carpineti A. A Solar Storm Reportedly Made Airplanes Disappear From Radars [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/airplanes-disappear-swedish-radars-due-solar-storm/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federally Leased Vehicles: Agencies Should Strengthen Assessment Processes to Reduce Underutilized Vehicles. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016 Jan. Report No.: GAO-16-136.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Megowan G. A correlation study of emotional intelligence and behavioral style of bio-pharmaceutical industry District Sales Managers [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Dominus S. Singing Together Again. New York Times. 2016 Dec 16;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Investigative Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Invest. Med.
ISSN (print)	0147-958X
ISSN (online)	1488-2353
Scope	General Medicine