How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marris E. Almost in bloom. Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):122–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Yea SS, Fruman DA. Cell signaling. New mTOR targets Grb attention. Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1270–1.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kareiva P, Chang A, Marvier M. Environmental economics. Development and conservation goals in World Bank projects. Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1638–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bramwell ST, Giblin SR, Calder S, Aldus R, Prabhakaran D, Fennell T. Measurement of the charge and current of magnetic monopoles in spin ice. Nature. 2009 Oct 15;461(7266):956–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Popkin JD. A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Jeusfeld MA, Karlapalem K, editors. Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2015 Workshops AHA, CMS, EMoV, MoBID, MORE-BI, MReBA, QMMQ, and SCME, Stockholm, Sweden, October 19-22, 2015, Proceedings. 1st ed. 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. XVIII, 360 p. 140 illus. in color. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 9382).

A chapter in an edited book

Herway ST, Boban R, Khoche S. Left Ventricular Systolic Function. In: Maus TM, Nhieu S, Herway ST, editors. Essential Echocardiography: Transesophageal Echocardiography for Non-cardiac Anesthesiologists. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 61–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Optometry.

Blog post

Hamilton K. Was Neil Armstrong Misquoted? Study Suggests His Accent Could’ve Been To Blame [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/was-neil-armstrong-misquoted-study-suggests-his-accent-couldve-been-to-blame/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Challenges Still Facing the U.S. Postal Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Feb. Report No.: T-AIMD-99-86.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rosales JK. California’s three strikes law: A policy analysis [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Tomasky M. A Bad Deal for Democrats. New York Times. 2017 Sep 8;A27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Optom.
ISSN (print)	0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
Scope	Ophthalmology Optometry