How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Braun DC. Comment on ‘Detection of emerging sunspot regions in the solar interior’. Science 2012; 336: 296; author reply 296.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kaminski D, Geisler C. Survival analysis of faculty retention in science and engineering by gender. Science 2012; 335: 864–866.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lin X, Hull CM, Heitman J. Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans. Nature 2005; 434: 1017–1021.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Sekitani T, Yokota T, Zschieschang U, et al. Organic nonvolatile memory transistors for flexible sensor arrays. Science 2009; 326: 1516–1519.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Abdullaeva Z. Nano- and Biomaterials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017.

An edited book

Flechtner F, Sneeuw N, Schuh W-D (eds). Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions: GEOTECHNOLOGIEN Science Report No. 20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Görlach A. Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species. In: Melillo G (ed) Hypoxia and Cancer: Biological Implications and Therapeutic Opportunities. New York, NY: Springer, 2014, pp. 65–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Optometry.

Blog post

Andrew D. Beachgoers Stumble Across Beached Great White Shark. IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/beachgoers-attempt-save-beached-great-white/ (2015, accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: Weaknesses in Airport Security and Options for Assigning Screening Responsibilities. GAO-01-1165T, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 21 September 2001.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bartaula B. Stand Level Growth and Survival Equations for Cutover Sites Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Mid-Gulf Region of Southern United States. Doctoral Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Nossiter A. Rare Supreme Court Stay Halts a Texas Execution. New York Times, 28 September 2007, p. A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Optom.
ISSN (print)	0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
Scope	Ophthalmology Optometry