How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Aiken C. HIV: Antiviral action countered by Nef. Nature. 2015 Oct 8;526(7572):202–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Schubert EF, Kim JK. Solid-state light sources getting smart. Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1274–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dewar JM, Budzowska M, Walter JC. The mechanism of DNA replication termination in vertebrates. Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):345–50.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chuck G, Muszynski M, Kellogg E, Hake S, Schmidt RJ. The control of spikelet meristem identity by the branched silkless1 gene in maize. Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1238–41.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Yu SF. Analysis and Design of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Duistermaat JJ. Distributions: Theory and Applications. 1st ed. Kolk JAC, editor. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2010. XVI, 445 p. 41 illus. (Cornerstones).

A chapter in an edited book

Beer MD, Alboul L, Norling E, Wallis P. Using Agents in Virtual Environments to Assist Controllers to Manage Multiple Assets. In: Dignum F, Brom C, Hindriks K, Beer M, Richards D, editors. Cognitive Agents for Virtual Environments: First International Workshop, CAVE 2012, Held at AAMAS 2012, Valencia, Spain, June 4, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 55–69. (Hutchison D, Kanade T, Kittler J, Kleinberg JM, Mattern F, Mitchell JC, et al., editors. Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Optometry.

Blog post

Taub B. New Study Lights Up The Dark Web Drugs Markets [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-study-lights-up-dark-web-drugs-markets/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: 9/11 Anniversary Observations on TSA’s Progress and Challenges in Strengthening Aviation Security. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012 Sep. Report No.: GAO-12-1024T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fadamin A. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemistry of the Ruthenium Schiff Base Complex [(Saloph)Ru(NO)Cl] [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. Family of Seau Decides To Give Brain for Study. New York Times. 2012 May 5;D3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Optom.
ISSN (print)	0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
Scope	Ophthalmology Optometry