How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kreeger K. Seeking strength in numbers. Nature. 2003 Jan 9;421(6919):194.

A journal article with 2 authors

LaCour MJ, Green DP. Political science. When contact changes minds: an experiment on transmission of support for gay equality. Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1366–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Core LJ, Waterfall JJ, Lis JT. Nascent RNA sequencing reveals widespread pausing and divergent initiation at human promoters. Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1845–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Jiang D, Hao M, Fu J, Zhuang D, Huang Y. Spatial-temporal variation of marginal land suitable for energy plants from 1990 to 2010 in China. Sci Rep. 2014 Jul 24;4:5816.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cheremisinoff NP. Industrial Gas Flaring Practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Kim EE. Atlas and Anatomy of PET/MRI, PET/CT and SPECT/CT. Im HJ, Lee DS, Kang KW, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. XI, 594 p. 582 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Tveito A, Langtangen HP, Nielsen BF, Cai X. Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. In: Langtangen HP, Nielsen BF, Cai X, editors. Elements of Scientific Computing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 99–145. (Texts in Computational Science and Engineering).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Optometry.

Blog post

Andrew E. Psychologist Writes Book That He Claims Will Send Children To Sleep In Minutes [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/book-claims-put-children-sleep/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Hazardous Materials Rail Shipments: A Review of Emergency Response Information in Selected Train Documents. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016 Dec. Report No.: GAO-17-130.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lackey GM. The efficacy of using a natural soil additive for the establishment, survival and diversity of native prairie and spontaneously colonizing plant communities on unirrigated green roofs in a humid subtropical climate [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines GG. R. L. Stine to Write Comic Books for Marvel. New York Times. 2016 Dec 9;C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Optom.
ISSN (print)	0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
Scope	Ophthalmology Optometry