How to format your references using the Classical and Quantum Gravity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Classical and Quantum Gravity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Angerer P 2004 Graduate journal: seeking perspective Nature 427 660

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Solomon J H and Hartmann M J 2006 Biomechanics: robotic whiskers used to sense features Nature 443 525

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Maiorano D, Moreau J and Méchali M 2000 XCDT1 is required for the assembly of pre-replicative complexes in Xenopus laevis Nature 404 622–5

A journal article with 99 or more authors

[1]

Zhisheng A, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L and Porter S C 2001 Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times Nature 411 62–6

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Mohos F Á 2017 Confectionery and Chocolate Engineering (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)

An edited book

[1]

Qiang W, Zheng X and Hsu C-H 2015 Cloud Computing and Big Data: Second International Conference, CloudCom-Asia 2015, Huangshan, China, June 17-19, 2015, Revised Selected Papers vol 9106 (Cham: Springer International Publishing)

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kitaev S and Lozin V 2015 Various Results on Word-Representable Graphs Words and Graphs Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series ed V Lozin (Cham: Springer International Publishing) pp 81–130

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Classical and Quantum Gravity.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D 2017 21 Easter Eggs Hidden Within Your Google Search Bar IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office 1970 Utilization of Consultants, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Driskill K M 2010 A qualitative study of teacher understanding and use of differentiated instruction to promote reading achievement Doctoral dissertation (Phoenix, AZ: University of Phoenix)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Cooper M 2017 When the Fire Fades New York Times AR1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Classical and Quantum Gravity
Abbreviation	Class. Quantum Gravity
ISSN (print)	0264-9381
ISSN (online)	1361-6382
Scope	Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)