How to format your references using the Classical and Quantum Gravity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Classical and Quantum Gravity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Edelaar P 2013 Comment on “Evolutionary trade-offs, Pareto optimality, and the geometry of phenotype space” Science 339 757

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Cresswell J E and Thompson H M 2012 Comment on “A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees” Science 337 1453; author reply 1453

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Schmidt M W, Spero H J and Lea D W 2004 Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation Nature 428 160–3

A journal article with 99 or more authors

[1]

Ellwood B B, Benoist S L, El Hassani A, Wheeler C and Crick R E 2003 Impact ejecta layer from the mid-Devonian: possible connection to global mass extinctions Science 300 1734–7

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Petrucelli J R and Peters J R 2016 Preventing Fraud and Mismanagement in Government (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

An edited book

[1]

Noonan N C and Nadkarni V 2016 Challenge and Change: Global Threats and the State in Twenty-first Century International Politics (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US)

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Friberg J and Al-Rawi F N H 2016 CBS 8539. A Mixed Metrological Table Text from Achaemenid Nippur New Mathematical Cuneiform Texts Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences ed F N H Al-Rawi (Cham: Springer International Publishing) pp 133–47

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Classical and Quantum Gravity.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E 2015 Primed for Battle: Helping Plants Fight off Pathogens by Enhancing Their Immune Systems IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office 1997 Medicare Transaction System: Success Depends Upon Correcting Critical Managerial and Technical Weaknesses (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Griffin J C 2012 Animal and soul: Animals in Native American mythologies and the individuation process Doctoral dissertation (Carpinteria, CA: Pacifica Graduate Institute)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Crow K 2003 Making Sure Food Is as Italian As Caruso New York Times 145

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Classical and Quantum Gravity
Abbreviation	Class. Quantum Gravity
ISSN (print)	0264-9381
ISSN (online)	1361-6382
Scope	Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)