How to format your references using the Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zinner E. Planetary science. An isotopic view of the early solar system. Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):265–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gabel HW, Greenberg ME. Genetics. The maturing brain methylome. Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):626–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mason AC, Oshinsky ML, Hoy RR. Hyperacute directional hearing in a microscale auditory system. Nature. 2001 Apr 5;410(6829):686–90.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chao W, Huynh KD, Spencer RJ, Davidow LS, Lee JT. CTCF, a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice. Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):345–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Peinado AM, Segura JC. Speech Recognition Over Digital Channels. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

Haines AJ. Enhanced Surface Imaging of Crustal Deformation: Obtaining Tectonic Force Fields Using GPS Data. 1st ed. 2015. Dimitrova LL, Wallace LM, Williams CA, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. X, 99 p. 50 illus., 37 illus. in color. (SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences).

A chapter in an edited book

Ghanbari S, Woods JC, Lucas SM. Multi-dimensional BPTs for Content Retrieval. In: Grgic M, Delac K, Ghanbari M, editors. Recent Advances in Multimedia Signal Processing and Communications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 73–90. (Kacprzyk J, editor. Studies in Computational Intelligence).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada.

Blog post

Hamilton K. This Is What A World Map Looks Like When Scaled According To Population Size [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/world-map-scaled-population-size/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. For-Profit Schools: Large Schools and Schools that Specialize in Healthcare Are More Likely to Rely Heavily on Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010 Oct. Report No.: GAO-11-4.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McDuffie CA. Melodies of intervention: Music therapy for transitional-age youth: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Paulson M. Artistic Director Leaves The Labyrinth Theater. New York Times. 2017 Jun 23;C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Chronic Diseases and Diseases in Canada
ISSN (print)	1925-6515
ISSN (online)	1925-6523
Scope

Research and Writing Guides