How to format your references using the Challenges citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Challenges. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lohmann, K.J. Q&A: Animal Behaviour: Magnetic-Field Perception. Nature 2010, 464, 1140–1142.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jin, X.; Costa, R.M. Start/Stop Signals Emerge in Nigrostriatal Circuits during Sequence Learning. Nature 2010, 466, 457–462.

A journal article with 3 authors

Haile-Selassie, Y.; Suwa, G.; White, T.D. Late Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and Early Hominid Dental Evolution. Science 2004, 303, 1503–1505.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Weber, K.L.; Sokac, A.M.; Berg, J.S.; Cheney, R.E.; Bement, W.M. A Microtubule-Binding Myosin Required for Nuclear Anchoring and Spindle Assembly. Nature 2004, 431, 325–329.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Paris, J.L.; Paris, J.L. CliffsNotes® Praxis II®; Wiley Publishing, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2008; ISBN 9781118266571.

An edited book

Translational Research in Pain and Itch; Ma, C., Huang, Y., Eds.; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2016; Vol. 904; ISBN 9789401775359.

A chapter in an edited book

Weiner, G.J. Activation of NK Cell Responses and Immunotherapy of Cancer. In Advances in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; Rosenblatt, J., Podack, E.R., Barber, G.N., Ochoa, A., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, 2014; pp. 57–66 ISBN 9781461488088.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Challenges.

Blog post

Andrews, R. Groundbreaking Test For Parkinson’s Disease Could Lead To Early Detection (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Airport Safety Inspection Program Needed To Improve Flight Safety of Civil Aircraft; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1971;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wang, Y. Yield Aggregation Impacts on Area-Based Insurance and Commodity Program. Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University: Mississippi State, MS, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, L. Offering Fresh Weapons Against Test Anxiety. New York Times 2008, LI6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Challenges
ISSN (online)	2078-1547
Scope