How to format your references using the Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Fratzl P. Imaging techniques: Extra dimension for bone analysis. Nature 2015;527:308–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Owen R, Jobling S. Environmental science: The hidden costs of flexible fertility. Nature 2012;485:441.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Quinto-Su PA, Suzuki M, Ohl C-D. Fast temperature measurement following single laser-induced cavitation inside a microfluidic gap. Sci Rep 2014;4:5445.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Park I-H, Zhao R, West JA, Yabuuchi A, Huo H, Ince TA, et al. Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors. Nature 2008;451:141–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Zhao G. Reuse and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd; 2017.

An edited book

[1]

Isokoski P, Springare J, editors. Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication: International Conference, EuroHaptics 2012, Tampere, Finland, June 13-15, 2012 Proceedings, Part II. vol. 7283. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Shilov NV, Garanina NO. Combined Logics of Knowledge, Time, and Actions for Reasoning about Multi-agent Systems. In: Wolff KE, Palchunov DE, Zagoruiko NG, Andelfinger U, editors. Knowledge Processing and Data Analysis: First International Conference, KONT 2007, Novosibirsk, Russia, September 14-16, 2007 and First International Conference, KPP 2007,Darmstadt, Germany, September 28-30, 2007. Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011, p. 48–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Why Do We Kiss? IFLScience 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. FCC: Flexible Service Offerings in the Commercial Mobile Radio Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Shaker G. Off the track: The full-time nontenure -track faculty experience in English. Doctoral dissertation. Indiana University, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Baker L. Spurring Urban Growth in Vancouver, One Family at a Time. New York Times 2005:1111.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis
Abbreviation	Case Stud. Eng. Fail. Anal.
ISSN (print)	2213-2902
Scope	Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality