How to format your references using the Case Reports in Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Case Reports in Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Houllier F. Biotechnology: Bring more rigour to GM research. Nature. 2012 Nov;491(7424):327.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stark CP, Stieglitz M. Hydrology. The sting in a fractal tail. Nature. 2000 Feb;403(6769):493, 495.

A journal article with 3 authors

Erickson B, Singh R, Winters P. Synthetic biology: regulating industry uses of new biotechnologies. Science. 2011 Sep;333(6047):1254–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kim M, Ogawa M, Fujita Y, Yoshikawa Y, Nagai T, Koyama T, et al. Bacteria hijack integrin-linked kinase to stabilize focal adhesions and block cell detachment. Nature. 2009 May;459(7246):578–82.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Bostwick DG. Bladder Pathology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Baglioni P. Nanotechnologies in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: A compendium of materials and techniques. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Lord JS, Brooks DR. Bat Endoparasites: A UK Perspective. In: Klimpel S, Mehlhorn H, editors. Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014; pp 63–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Case Reports in Ophthalmology.

Blog post

Andrew E. Scientists Name Top 100 Unusual And Endangered Birds [Internet]. IFLScience. 2014 Apr [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-name-top-100-unusual-and-endangered-birds/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Gas Pipeline Safety: Preliminary Observations on the Integrity Management Program and 7-Year Reassessment Requirement. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bain Butler D. How L2 legal writers use strategies for scholarly writing: A mixed methods study. 2010

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Branch J. A Coming-Home Party 40 Years in the Making. New York Times. 2015 Jun;SP8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Case Reports in Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Case Rep. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (online)	1663-2699
Scope	Ophthalmology

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