How to format your references using the Case Reports in Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Case Reports in Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Crowther R. Space science. Space junk--protecting space for future generations. Science. 2002 May;296(5571):1241–2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shi Q, King RW. Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines. Nature. 2005 Oct;437(7061):1038–42.

A journal article with 3 authors

Beldade P, Koops K, Brakefield PM. Developmental constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution. Nature. 2002 Apr;416(6883):844–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Shelby JP, Lim DSW, Kuo JS, Chiu DT. Microfluidic systems: high radial acceleration in microvortices. Nature. 2003 Sep;425(6953):38.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rohde UL, Jain GC, Poddar AK, Ghosh AK. Introduction to Integral Calculus. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

Clément G, Bukley A, editors. Artificial Gravity. New York, NY: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Roussak OV, Gesser HD. Alternate Fuels. In: Gesser HD, editor. Applied Chemistry: A Textbook for Engineers and Technologists. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2013; pp 71–83.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Case Reports in Ophthalmology.

Blog post

Carpineti A. Could Dark Matter Actually Just Be Black Holes? [Internet]. IFLScience. 2016 May [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/could-dark-matter-be-actually-just-black-holes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: National Credit Union Administration’s Efforts to Ensure Credit Union Systems Are Year 2000 Compliant. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jones E. Leadership Practices in K-12 Public Schools for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students: A Qualitative Study. 2019

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Von Aue M. A Radical Redo for ‘Madama Butterfly.’ New York Times. 2017 May;C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Case Reports in Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Case Rep. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (online)	1663-2699
Scope	Ophthalmology