How to format your references using the Carcinogenesis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Carcinogenesis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik, P. (2004) Bricks and mortar. Scandinavia’s material gains. Nature, 429, 906.

A journal article with 2 authors

Srygley, R.B. et al. (2002) Unconventional lift-generating mechanisms in free-flying butterflies. Nature, 420, 660–664.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bhowmick, N.A. et al. (2004) Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression. Nature, 432, 332–337.

A journal article with 2 or more authors

Lee, T.M.C. et al. (2013) I want to lie about not knowing you, but my precuneus refuses to cooperate. Sci. Rep., 3, 1636.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chinesta, F. et al. (2013) Natural Element Method for the Simulation of Structures and Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Rocha, Á. et al., Eds. (2014) New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, Volume 2, 276Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Shaul, S. et al. (2016) A Cognitive and Linguistic Approach to Predicting and Remediating Word Reading Difficulties in Young Readers. In Interventions in Learning Disabilities: A Handbook on Systematic Training Programs for Individuals with Learning Disabilities ((Schiff, R. et al., eds), pp. 47–66, Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Carcinogenesis.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 02-Jun-(2015) , Invasive Toads Are Becoming Blind And Deformed On Brazilian Island, Yet Still Thrive. , IFLScience. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/invasive-toads-are-becoming-blind-and-deformed-brazilian-island-yet-still-thrive/. [Accessed: 30-Oct-2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1997) Airfield Pavements, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hong, A.N. (2017) , A Diastereomeric Strategy in the Construction of Homochiral Metal-Organic Architectures. , Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. 01-Dec-(2011) , Valentine in Boston? That’s Entertainment. , New York Times, B17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Carcinogenesis
Abbreviation	Carcinogenesis
ISSN (print)	0143-3334
ISSN (online)	1460-2180
Scope	Cancer Research General Medicine