How to format your references using the Carbohydrate Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Carbohydrate Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

E. Postma, Comment on “Additive genetic breeding values correlate with the load of partially deleterious mutations,” Science 333 (2011) 1221.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

P.A. Wilson, R.D. Norris, Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period, Nature 412 (2001) 425–429.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S.Z. Tasker, E.A. Standley, T.F. Jamison, Recent advances in homogeneous nickel catalysis, Nature 509 (2014) 299–309.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

J. Engelmann, W. Hanke, J. Mogdans, H. Bleckmann, Hydrodynamic stimuli and the fish lateral line, Nature 408 (2000) 51–52.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

M.A. El-Reedy, Construction Management for Industrial Projects, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Y.W. Novitsky, ed., Hernia Surgery: Current Principles, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

V.V. Rozanov, A.A. Kokhanovsky, Impact of single- and multi-layered cloudiness on ozone vertical column retrievals using nadir observations of backscattered solar radiation, in: A.A. Kokhanovsky (Ed.), Light Scattering Reviews 3: Light Scattering and Reflection, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008: pp. 133–189.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Carbohydrate Research.

Blog post

[1]

J. Fang, T. Rex Teeth Had A Secret Weapon, And Just One Animal Alive Today Has It Too, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/t-rex-used-deeply-serrated-teeth-prey-other-dinosaurs/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Preschool Education: Federal Investment for Low-Income Children Significant but Effectiveness Unclear, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2000.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

T. Nguyen, Nail technician students’ awareness of some health effects of long-term exposure to chemicals used in nail salons and their understanding of health protection, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Poniewozik, A Brutal Season of Prison Siege, New York Times (2017) C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Carbohydrate Research
Abbreviation	Carbohydr. Res.
ISSN (print)	0008-6215
Scope	Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry Organic Chemistry General Medicine