How to format your references using the Cancer Imaging citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Cancer Imaging. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Gisin N. Physics. Quantum nonlocality: how does nature do it? Science. 2009;326:1357–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Schrag DP, Hoffman PF. Life, geology and snowball Earth. Nature. 2001;409:306.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Bacles CFE, Lowe AJ, Ennos RA. Effective seed dispersal across a fragmented landscape. Science. 2006;311:628.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Toga T, Kuraoka I, Watanabe S, Nakano E, Takeuchi S, Nishigori C, et al. Fluorescence detection of cellular nucleotide excision repair of damaged DNA. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5578.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bowling J. Diagnostic Dermoscopy. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

1. Meersman R, Tari Z, Herrero P, editors. On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2007: OTM 2007 Workshops: OTM Confederated International Workshops and Posters, AWeSOMe, CAMS, OTM Academy Doctoral Consortium, MONET, OnToContent, ORM, PerSys, PPN, RDDS, SSWS, and SWWS 2007, Vilamoura, Portugal, November 25-30, 2007, Proceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Menzie C, Driscoll SK, Kierski M, Morrison AM. Advances in Risk Assessment in Support of Sediment Risk Management. In: Reible DD, editor. Processes, Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. p. 107–30.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Cancer Imaging.

Blog post

1. Andrews R. Extremely Messy Tardigrade Sex Has Been Filmed For The First Time [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/extremely-messy-tardigrade-sex-filmed-first-time/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. National Airspace System: Assessment of FAA’s Efforts to Augment the Global Positioning System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995 Jun. Report No.: T-RCED-95-219.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Johnson JG. An Exploration of the Psychosocial Aspects of Weight Among College Students in the College Environment [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Otis J. Raising 5 Sons Alone, 3 With Autism, Takes a Toll. New York Times. 2016 Nov 21;A27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Cancer Imaging
Abbreviation	Cancer Imaging
ISSN (online)	1470-7330
Scope	General Medicine Oncology Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging Radiological and Ultrasound Technology