How to format your references using the BMC Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Bilbe G. Infectious diseases. Overcoming neglect of kinetoplastid diseases. Science. 2015;348:974–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Gray RD, Atkinson QD. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. Nature. 2003;426:435–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Exadaktylos F, Espín AM, Brañas-Garza P. Experimental subjects are not different. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1213.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Suzuki H, Imura J-I, Horio Y, Aihara K. Chaotic Boltzmann machines. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1610.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Harrington PJ. Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry for Synthesis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Majumder AL, Biswas BB, editors. Biology of Inositols and Phosphoinositides: Subcellular Biochemistry. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Cook A. Feeling Better: Moral Sense and Sensibility in Enlightenment Thought. In: Lloyd HM, editor. The Discourse of Sensibility: The Knowing Body in the Enlightenment. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013. p. 85–103.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Surgery.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. More Than Thirty Unreported Sources Of Toxic Air Discovered From Space. IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/more-than-thirty-unreported-sources-of-toxic-air-discovered-from-space/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Review of Vending Operations on Federally Controlled Property. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Kopaygorodsky E. Mathematical Model of Ultra-Rapid PSA. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cincinnati; 2001.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Qiu L. False Claims and Flawed Reports. New York Times. 2017;:A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Surgery
Abbreviation	BMC Surg.
ISSN (online)	1471-2482
Scope	General Medicine Surgery