How to format your references using the BMC Medical Imaging citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Medical Imaging. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Aguzzi A. Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease under strain. Nature. 2014;512:32–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Carlip S, Vaidya S. Cosmology: Do black holes constrain varying constants? Nature. 2003;421:498.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Meng Y, Tanaka S, Poon C-S. Comment on “Universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex.” Science. 2012;336:413; author reply 413.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. König M, Wiedmann S, Brüne C, Roth A, Buhmann H, Molenkamp LW, et al. Quantum spin hall insulator state in HgTe quantum wells. Science. 2007;318:766–70.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Liu J, Dong X, Chen X, Tong X, Zhang X, Xu S. Fault Location and Service Restoration for Electrical Distribution Systems. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

1. Mastrolia P. Yamabe-type Equations on Complete, Noncompact Manifolds. Basel: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. MacIntosh GC. RNase T2 Family: Enzymatic Properties, Functional Diversity, and Evolution of Ancient Ribonucleases. In: Nicholson AW, editor. Ribonucleases. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 89–114.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Medical Imaging.

Blog post

1. Davis J. New Gene Therapy For Treating Genetic Blindness Offers Hope For Cure. IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-gene-therapy-treating-genetic-blindness-offers-hope-cure/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Hazardous Weather Detection and Warning Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Stout J. The Effects of Discipline with African-American Males at an Alternative Middle School: The Perceptions of Parents/Guardians, Teachers, Administrators, and Other Academic Stakeholders. Doctoral dissertation. Northcentral University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Shpigel B. Listen for the Ball, Then Try to Stop It. New York Times. 2016;:B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Medical Imaging
Abbreviation	BMC Med. Imaging
ISSN (online)	1471-2342
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging