How to format your references using the BMC Medical Ethics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Medical Ethics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Ellis J. Higgs boson: The need for new physics. Nature. 2012;481:24.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Fairchild AL, Bayer R. Public health. Smoke and fire over e-cigarettes. Science. 2015;347:375–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Männikkö R, Elinder F, Larsson HP. Voltage-sensing mechanism is conserved among ion channels gated by opposite voltages. Nature. 2002;419:837–41.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Mkhoyan KA, Batson PE, Cha J, Schaff WJ, Silcox J. Direct determination of local lattice polarity in crystals. Science. 2006;312:1354.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Baudin P. Wireless Transceiver Architecture. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

1. Bičík I. Land Use Changes in the Czech Republic 1845–2010: Socio-Economic Driving Forces. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Akerson VL, Weiland I, Fouad KE. Children’s Ideas About Life Science Concepts. In: Cabe Trundle K, Saçkes M, editors. Research in Early Childhood Science Education. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015. p. 99–123.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Medical Ethics.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Microbeads In Soaps Facing Bans Due To Great Lakes Pollution. IFLScience. 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/microbeads-soaps-facing-bans-due-great-lakes-pollution/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Kennedy Space Center: Decision on Photographic Requirements Appears Justified. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Butler-Roberts J. Fashioning distinction: construction of identity through dress and photography in nineteenth-century Paris. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hodgman J. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times. 2017;:MM18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Medical Ethics
Abbreviation	BMC Med. Ethics
ISSN (online)	1472-6939
Scope	Health Policy Issues, ethics and legal aspects Health(social science)

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