How to format your references using the BMC Medical Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Medical Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Romanowicz B. Geophysics. The thickness of tectonic plates. Science. 2009;324:474–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Haigo SL, Bilder D. Global tissue revolutions in a morphogenetic movement controlling elongation. Science. 2011;331:1071–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Harbaugh WT, Mayr U, Burghart DR. Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science. 2007;316:1622–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Hegelich BM, Albright BJ, Cobble J, Flippo K, Letzring S, Paffett M, et al. Laser acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic MeV ion beams. Nature. 2006;439:441–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Broekaert JAC. Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

1. Cao L, Bazzan ALC, Gorodetsky V, Mitkas PA, Weiss G, Yu PS, editors. Agents and Data Mining Interaction: 6th International Workshop on Agents and Data Mining Interaction, ADMI 2010, Toronto, ON, Canada, May 11, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Nakagawa S, Duman RS. Depression. In: Seki T, Sawamoto K, Parent JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, editors. Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II: Clinical Implications. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2011. p. 99–108.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Medical Education.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. Rare Javan Rhino Calves Spotted On Camera. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/rare-javan-rhino-calves-spotted-camera/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Industrial Policy: Japan’s Flexible Approach. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Zimmerman KL. Perceived and preferred organizational culture on behavior intentions in the hospitality industry. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Saslow L. Town of Oyster Bay Seeks To Develop Waterfront Plan. New York Times. 2007;:14LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Medical Education
Abbreviation	BMC Med. Educ.
ISSN (online)	1472-6920
Scope	General Medicine Education

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